HAL suffers from severe, systemic issues that continue to ail the organisation and the Indian Air Force. HAL has been working on replacing the intermediate trainer aircraft: the HAL HJT 36 Sitara. The Sitara trainer has been under development since 1997, and has been plagued with technical problems. IAF mandates for all new procurements to include Fixed Base Full Mission Simulators (FBS)

by Girish Linganna

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the premier Indian state aeronautical manufacturer, enjoys much fanfare today, especially for its Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas and export prospects. However, HAL suffers from severe, systemic issues that continue to ail the organisation and the Indian Air Force (IAF).

The IAF Pilot Training Stages

An Indian Air Force fighter pilot must adapt and take rigorous training. Not only must they come to terms with such ungodly forces while flying a combat aircraft, but they must also use a plethora of gadgetry like radars, onboard computers, etc., to save their lives and the nation.

The training for a fighter pilot is structured into three stages. The first stage consists of learning to fly on a trainer aircraft and theoretical instruction of aerial combat principles. Fighter pilots then advance to the second stage, where they advance their academic learning and commence fighter jet flight training. After graduating from Stage II, the fighter pilots are commissioned and undergo Stage III training. Finally, they join their assigned squadrons.

The critical part of the training is the flying hours that a pilot gets during training. The flying hours are a key to readiness and an overall barometer of other factors like the pilot and spare parts availability, speed of throughput at the depot and operational budgets. This boils down to sorties conducted a week. It takes three sorties a week for a pilot to be able to sustain their baseline. However, flying four sorties a week significantly improves their ability. Four sorties a week also compound to nearly 200 hours of flight.

The IAF uses HAL’s indigenous HJT-16 Kiran trainer aircraft for training the pilots in the intermediate stage or Stage II. Kiran was introduced as a trainer for the IAF in 1968. Even after five decades, HAL has not been able to replace Kiran.

Star Struck Down: HAL HJT-36 Sitara

HAL has been working on replacing the intermediate trainer aircraft: the HAL HJT-36 Sitara. The Sitara trainer has been under development since 1997, and the program has been plagued with technical problems, among which most recently was the issue of carrying out a six-turn spin flight. This problem took six years to be resolved. This has been a fundamental step towards the commissioning of the trainer since the training requires the pilots to enter and recover from stall or spin. Only if Sitara can perform recovery safely and consistently can it be considered by the IAF.

The IAF has naturally evolved its ask in the 25 years of development of the HJT 36 Sitara. HAL must also offer a complete simulation-based training solution to match the current infrastructure that the IAF has set up for its PC 7 and Hawk MK-132 trainers. Also, the IAF mandates for all new procurements to include Fixed Base Full Mission Simulators (FBS), Cockpit Procedure Trainers (CPT), Avionics Part Task Trainer (APTT), Flight Training Devices (FTD) and computer-aided learning systems. This could prove a challenging endeavour for HAL.

Problems have run rampant in the program’s history. Even the engine for the trainer underwent much change. Initially, it was powered by a French engine. Later, it was replaced by the Russian AL-55I engine, designed explicitly for trainer aircraft. The Russians delayed the Al-55I engine.

Both prototypes produced by HAL met an unfortunate fate. PT-1 went off the runway when its canopy locking system failed. The wings, empennage and the landing gear bore the brunt of the ensuing damage. PT-2 suffered a landing gear failure during a practice sortie.

Gordian Knot

A fundamental issue is waiting to be resolved when crucial projects see no fruition three decades on. For the HAL, there are various pain points. First and foremost is the lack of leadership. Currently, HAL is a ship sans a captain, that is, no full-time Chairman. This has affected the work culture to an extent.

Further, there has been a glaring financial constraint that still needs to be resolved. A significant reason behind Sitara’s delay has been the inability of the politicians to stand behind HAL with words and finance. The Sitara project has repeatedly been shelved, only revived a few years later. Almost a decade has been lost in the process.

Without a full-time Chairman, organisational irregularities have crept into the organisation, such as cost overruns that cash-strapped HAL cannot afford and vendor payout delays because of low cash flow. As the premier aeronautical manufacturer, especially the one vying for a chunk of the global defence market, HAL must not continue functioning like this. From the top, there must be an influx of new vigour into the organisation.

Girish Linganna is a Defence & Aerospace analyst and is the Director of ADD Engineering Components (India) Pvt Ltd, a subsidiary of ADD Engineering GmbH, Germany with manufacturing units in Russia. He is Consulting Editor Industry and Defence at Frontier India