TEJAS MK-1A Airframes Ready, Yet Grounded: Unravelling IAF's Induction Stalemate

A photograph circulating on social media—which has also been published on IDN—has reignited scrutiny over the TEJAS MK-1A program. Shared by Alpha Defence and various defence outlets, the image reveals an TEJAS MK-1A bearing tail number LA5051. Tail numbers for TEJAS MK-1A commence at LA5033, positioning this airframe as the 19th to reach the coupling stage.

This milestone implies that approximately 19 aircraft now stand fully manufactured. On paper, this equates to at least one complete squadron. Yet, these jets remain earthbound, prompting a pressing query: if the airframes are built, why has Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) failed to deliver them to the Indian Air Force (IAF)?

The distinction between "manufactured" and "accepted" lies at the core of this impasse. Coupling marks manufacturing completion from HAL's viewpoint. For the IAF, however, an aircraft remains unfinished until it satisfies every contractual specification.

The IAF has announced a comprehensive review slated for May. Only upon full satisfaction will it commence acceptances. Consequently, the inaugural batch—anticipated for March 2024—now faces slippage beyond June or July, even optimistically.

HAL has repeatedly missed program deadlines, exacerbating frustrations. HAL asserts that five TEJAS MK-1A jets are delivery-ready, with imagery suggesting ten more airframes complete. It attributes delays chiefly to General Electric's (GE) tardy engine supplies.

The IAF contests this narrative. Sources indicate unresolved discrepancies rendering the jets non-compliant with Air Staff Qualitative Requirements (ASQR). Deliveries hinge on HAL furnishing the pledged configuration, including seamless integrations.

HAL reportedly proposed interim acceptance in the current state, pledging post-delivery upgrades for weapons and radar. Precedents exist: the 36 Rafale jets from France entered service sans certain features, such as the X-Guard towed decoy.

The IAF rejects this for TEJAS MK-1A, citing its pivotal role. With squadron numbers dwindling—now below 30—the Mk1A must anchor India's future interceptor fleet. After years of anticipation, partial readiness constitutes an unacceptable strategic risk.

Debate swirls around Astra MK-1 integration, the cornerstone beyond-visual-range (BVR) missile. HAL claims trials concluded, with Astra synced to the Israeli EL/M-2052 radar. Yet, the IAF demands holistic integration across all avionics and systems.

True integration transcends mere launches; it mandates radar harmony with mission computers, displays, and weaponry. The IAF insists on system-level certification before progression.

Induction mandates two immutable phases. First, rectification and certification of all technical integrations. Second, rigorous acceptance trials where IAF pilots evaluate operational efficacy over days or weeks.

The IAF harbours no delays; its squadron crisis demands urgency. Its sole stipulation: full operational maturity, given HAL's extended grace period. HAL's phrasing—"major contracted capabilities" on five jets—betrays incompleteness, not totality.

HAL concedes ongoing design refinements, underscoring immaturity concerns. Beyond the initial batch, scale-up falters without engines. GE's F404-IN20 order, inked in 2021, hit snags: its production line had shuttered, necessitating restart amid COVID-19 supply disruptions.

GE has delivered merely five engines, none in 2026 thus far. HAL's chief recently toured GE's US facility, where a second line activates. An impending India-US trade pact may expedite resolutions.

Projections target 24 engines by year-end. Should four to five arrive by mid-year, ten airframes could fly, leveraging existing builds. This could yield 24 operational TEJAS MK-1A by December, armed with Astra MK-1 and MK-2.

These jets prove vital amid fleet fragility, bridging to TEJAS MK-2 and prospective Rafales. The MK-1A's 50 kiloNewton thrust F404 engine, augmented by indigenous avionics like the Uttam AESA radar (pending full rollout), positions it as a 4.5-generation multi-role stalwart.

Delays ripple strategically. China's J-20 stealth fighters proliferate, while Pakistan eyes J-31 acquisitions. India's 18 fighter squadrons—against a sanctioned 42—underscore the imperative for swift MK-1A infusion.

HAL's Nashik and Bangalore lines ramp up, targeting 16-24 jets annually post-2026. Yet, ASQR adherence remains non-negotiable. The May review looms as a litmus test.

Engine inflows dictate pace. GE commits to 12 engines quarterly from Q3 2026, potentially accelerating to two squadrons yearly. IAF training pipelines, including simulators at Nal Airbase, stand primed.

Indigenous content exceeds 65%, bolstering Atmanirbhar Bharat. Astra MK-2 trials advance, extending BVR to 160 kilometres. Full-spectrum integration—Astra, R-73 derivatives, precision bombs—elevates MK-1A's potency.

Critics decry HAL's execution, contrasting private sector agility like TATA-TEJAS bids. Yet, 83-jet orders (73 more post-40) and 97-export pursuits affirm faith. Resolution hinges on GE reliability and HAL maturation.

The IAF's firmness safeguards capability. TEJAS MK-1A, born of decades' indigenous toil, nears fruition—but only if compromises yield to rigour.

Agencies

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DAC Set To Greenlight 114 Rafale Jets For IAF Ahead of Macron Visit

The Indian Air Force's ambitious proposal to acquire 114 additional Rafale fighter jets is set to be presented before the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) imminently, timed ahead of French President Emmanuel Macron's forthcoming visit to India.

Macron is slated to arrive in New Delhi for an AI Summit from 15 to 17 February 2026, adding a layer of diplomatic momentum to the procurement discussions.

The DAC, chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, is expected to grant Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for this major deal, marking the first formal step under India's defence procurement procedures.

Under the proposal, India will acquire 18 off-the-shelf Rafale jets from French manufacturer Dassault Aviation, while the remaining 96 will be produced in collaboration with Indian private sector firms. Several of these aircraft will be twin-seaters designated for training.

Preceding this, the Defence Procurement Board—led by Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh—has already approved the proposal last month, paving the way for DAC scrutiny.

Under the plan, India would procure 18 Rafale jets directly off-the-shelf from Dassault Aviation, the French manufacturer, while the remaining 96 would be produced in India through partnerships with private sector firms.

Several of these aircraft are designated as twin-seaters, tailored specifically for training purposes to bolster IAF pilot readiness.

This acquisition follows the successful integration of 36 existing Rafale jets into the IAF inventory, which have proven their mettle in combat.

These jets were notably deployed during Operation Sindoor, India's retaliatory strikes against Pakistan in response to the Pahalgam terror attack that claimed 26 lives.

In that operation, the Rafales, armed with cutting-edge systems like Scalp missiles, Meteor air-to-air missiles, and Hammer precision-guided bombs, effectively neutralised terror bases and Pakistani military installations, including enemy aircraft.

The deal's estimated cost stands at approximately ₹3.25 lakh crore, promising a substantial enhancement to India's aerial combat capabilities.

Post-DAC approval, the process advances to rigorous commercial negotiations, culminating in clearance from the Cabinet Committee on Security, presided over by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Air Chief Marshal AP Singh had advocated strongly for this in October 2025, emphasising the urgent need for 114 multi-role fighters built in India via collaborations with foreign original equipment manufacturers.

His call underscored the Rafale as a prime contender to rapidly modernise the IAF's depleting squadrons amid evolving regional threats.

This move aligns with broader efforts to indigenise defence production, leveraging private industry to manufacture advanced jets domestically.

The timing, coinciding with Macron's visit, signals deepening Indo-French defence ties, building on the original 36-jet deal that has already yielded operational dividends.

Should the DAC accord AoN, it would reaffirm India's commitment to bolstering its air power, particularly in light of recent border tensions and cross-border terrorism.

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AXISCADES Bags ₹80 Crore HAL Contract For TEJAS MK-1A Avionics At Bangalore Facility

AXISCADES Technologies Limited, a prominent player in engineering and manufacturing, has clinched a substantial ₹80 crore order for avionics hardware under the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mk1A program.

This contract, secured through its subsidiary Mistral Solutions, marks a key milestone in India's push for self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

The order originates from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the nodal agency driving the TEJAS MK-1A initiative. Mistral Solutions will handle the production and supply of critical avionics components, notably the Mission Computer and Smart Multifunction Display, which form the backbone of the aircraft's key subsystems.

This development bolsters AXISCADES' enduring partnerships with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and HAL. It underscores the company's commitment to elevating indigenous content in sophisticated avionics systems, aligning seamlessly with national Atmanirbhar Bharat objectives.

All hardware under this order will be fabricated at AXISCADES' state-of-the-art Devanahalli Atmanirbhar Complex (DAL).This recently commissioned facility exemplifies cutting-edge infrastructure tailored for defence production.

C Manikandan, Chief Executive Officer of Mistral Solutions Private Limited, highlighted the significance of the program. He noted that it reaffirms the group's dedication to domestic defence manufacturing and paves the way for involvement in upcoming defence platforms.

Headquartered in Bangalore, AXISCADES Technologies Limited delivers comprehensive services in engineering, product development, and manufacturing support. Its expertise spans aerospace, defence, electronics, semiconductors, and artificial intelligence domains, serving a global clientele.

The company operates via subsidiaries and offices in France, Germany, Denmark, the United States, and Canada. With over 3,000 professionals across 17 worldwide locations, it fosters long-term ties with the Indian armed forces, Ministry of Defence, defence laboratories, public sector undertakings, and leading global original equipment manufacturers.

AXISCADES' capabilities extend across a broad spectrum of defence technologies. These include weapon systems, avionics, radar, electronic warfare, C4I2 systems, unmanned platforms, test solutions, and ground support equipment, managing the entire product lifecycle from initial concept evaluation to final certification.

This ₹80 crore order not only injects fresh momentum into AXISCADES' defence segment but also reinforces Bangalore's status as a hub for aerospace innovation. As India accelerates its indigenous fighter jet programs, such contracts signal robust growth prospects for domestic firms like AXISCades.

The TEJAS MK-1A program itself represents an advanced iteration of India's indigenous Tejas fighter jet. Enhanced avionics like those supplied by Mistral will boost the aircraft's combat effectiveness, sensor fusion, and pilot situational awareness, critical for modern aerial warfare.

Production at the DAL facility ensures rapid scalability and quality control. Proximity to Kempegowda International Airport facilitates efficient logistics, while the park's ecosystem supports collaboration among aerospace stakeholders.

Looking ahead, this win positions AXISCADES for larger opportunities in India's expanding defence corridor. With defence budgets prioritising local procurement, the company's proven track record could unlock follow-on orders for future variants and export potentials.

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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Skyroot's Vikram-1 Flex Nozzles Pass Crucial Flight Tests Ahead of Historic Launch

Hyderabad-based Skyroot Aerospace has achieved a major milestone with the successful testing of the flex nozzles for its Vikram-1 rocket. The company announced that the composite flight nozzles, integrated with advanced flex nozzle control systems across all three stages, have cleared pre-flight tests simulating actual flight conditions.

These tests validate the precision steering mechanisms essential for the rocket's stability during ascent.

The flex nozzle systems include critical components such as seals, high-capacity electromechanical actuators, and robust power electronics designed to handle extreme conditions. For Vikram-1's Stage 1, named Kalam-1200, the carbon composite nozzle stands as tall as a human, weighs over a ton, and withstands combustion temperatures around 3,000°C while directing exhaust at supersonic speeds. This lightweight design, five times lighter than traditional steel nozzles, enhances overall rocket performance by reducing mass.

Thrust vector control via these flex nozzles is vital for countering aerodynamic disturbances like winds and turbulence during launch. The flex-seal mechanism functions like a ball-joint, allowing the nozzle to pivot precisely within the combustion chamber under commands from the mission computer. Skyroot's CEO, Pawan Chandana, highlighted the system's rapid response capabilities in driving the actuators for accurate control.

These recent tests build on prior successes, including pre-flight qualifications for the Kalam-1200 in April 2025 and static fires of other stages. Just last month, Stage 2 Kalam-250 arrived at Sriharikota for integration, signalling rapid progress towards the maiden orbital launch expected in February 2026. A video update from Skyroot on 8 February 2026 confirmed that all three stages' nozzles passed the rigorous evaluations.

Skyroot Aerospace, founded by IIT alumni Pawan Chandana and Naga Bharat Daka, aims to deliver India's first privately developed orbital rocket to low Earth orbit. Vikram-1 is designed for frequent, cost-effective satellite launches, transforming India's commercial space sector. With components now ready for motor integration and static fire tests, the launchpad beckons as the final hurdle before lift-off from ISRO's Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

This achievement underscores the growing prowess of India's private space industry, previously demonstrated by Skyroot's suborbital Vikram-S in 2022. The flex nozzle success positions Vikram-1 to compete globally, potentially deploying up to 300 kg payloads reliably. As integration advances at Sriharikota, excitement builds for what could be a game-changer in accessible spaceflight.

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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ISRO Identifies Hazard-Free Mons Mouton Site For Chandrayaan-4 Landing

Here's a detailed report expanding on the ISRO announcement regarding the Chandrayaan-4 landing site selection. I've crafted it as a long-form piece in British English, broken into short paragraphs for readability, drawing on the provided details alongside relevant context from ISRO's lunar exploration program.

ISRO has pinpointed a prime landing site for its ambitious Chandrayaan-4 mission, marking another stride in India's lunar endeavours. Officials from the space agency have zeroed in on the Mons Mouton region, a geologically intriguing area on the Moon's surface. After meticulous analysis, they have selected site MM-4 as the optimal spot for the mission's soft landing.

Mons Mouton, often abbreviated as MM, lies within the lunar near side, near the prominent Rima Ariadaeus fault line. This region captivates scientists due to its mix of volcanic plains and elevated mounds, potentially preserving clues about the Moon's ancient magmatic activity. ISRO's choice underscores the agency's growing prowess in high-precision site selection for lunar missions.

The selection process involved evaluating four candidate sites: MM-1, MM-3, MM-4, and MM-5. High-resolution data from the Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) aboard Chandrayaan-2 proved instrumental. Multi-view image datasets enabled a comprehensive characterisation of terrain features across these locations.

Among the sites, MM-4 emerged as the frontrunner. A one-kilometre by one-kilometre zone around it boasts the lowest hazard percentage, ensuring safer descent and operations. The mean slope measures a gentle five degrees, minimising risks of tipping or instability for the lander.

Elevational data further bolsters MM-4's suitability, with a mean height of 5,334 metres above the lunar datum. This positioning aids communication links with Earth-based stations and other orbiters. Crucially, the site features the highest number of hazard-free grids, each measuring 24 metres by 24 metres.

Such granular analysis aligns with lessons from prior missions like Chandrayaan-3, which successfully landed near the lunar south pole in 2023. There, ISRO refined hazard avoidance techniques, now scaled up for Chandrayaan-4's more complex architecture. The emphasis on slope, elevation, and grid safety directly addresses challenges like uneven regolith and craters.

Chandrayaan-4 represents a technological leap, comprising five key modules: the Propulsion Module (PM), Descender Module (DM), Ascender Module (AM), Transfer Module (TM), and Re-entry Module (RM). This configuration aims to achieve sample return, a first for India.

The mission's core innovation lies in the DM-AM combined stack, which will execute a soft landing at MM-4. The propulsion system will handle the initial descent, while advanced navigation, guidance, and control algorithms ensure pinpoint accuracy. Site selection plays a pivotal role, enforcing constraints on slope, hazards, and visibility.

Post-landing, the AM will ascend with lunar samples collected by the DM, docking with the TM for Earth return via the RM. This closed-loop retrieval demands flawless execution, where MM-4's benign terrain reduces variables. ISRO's simulations predict a high success margin, building on Pragyan rover data from Chandrayaan-3.

The OHRC's role cannot be overstated. Mounted on Chandrayaan-2's orbiter, it delivers sub-metre resolution imagery, vital for stereo mapping. For Mons Mouton, these datasets revealed subtle undulations invisible at coarser scales, allowing ISRO to discard riskier sites like MM-1 and MM-3.

Terrain hazards—craters, boulders, and steep scarps—pose existential threats to landers. MM-4's low hazard density translates to more viable parking spots for the 24x24-metre grids, facilitating safe touchdown and rover mobility. The five-degree slope further eases ascent preparations for the AM.

Strategically, landing at Mons Mouton advances ISRO's scientific goals. The site's proximity to Marius Hills-like domes hints at subsurface lava tubes, ideal for resource prospecting. Water ice traces, detected by Chandrayaan-1's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, could inform future habitats.

Chandrayaan-4 builds on India's sample return ambitions, echoing NASA's Artemis and China's Chang'e programs. Yet ISRO's indigenous tech stack—powered by LVM3 rocket—keeps costs lean, at around ₹3,500 crore. Launch is slated for 2027, pending final validations.

Site finalisation triggers next phases: lander prototyping at U R Rao Satellite Centre and ascent vehicle tests at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. Integration with the PM will occur in Bengaluru, leveraging HAL's clean rooms. Ground simulations using MM-4's digital twin will refine descent trajectories.

Global partners like JAXA may contribute rover tech, enhancing sample acquisition. The RM's heat shield, derived from Chandrayaan-3 upgrades, must withstand 11 km/s re-entry speeds. MM-4's elevation aids signal strength during critical phases.

This announcement reaffirms ISRO's site selection mastery, honed since Chandrayaan-1's 2008 impact probe. From polar ice hunts to equatorial volcanism, each mission refines the playbook. MM-4 positions Chandrayaan-4 for breakthroughs in lunar geology and in-situ resource utilisation.

As India eyes a sustained lunar presence, Mons Mouton's MM-4 becomes a cornerstone. Success here could pave the way for Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035, blending science with self-reliance.

Based On PTI Report

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ISRO Accelerates Space Station Mission, 80 Satellites Lined Up For Launch

India's space agency, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is accelerating its ambitious plans to establish the country's first space station, even as it juggles multiple high-priority missions.

Program Director Imtiyaz Ahmed revealed on Monday that work is underway on nearly 80 satellites, which will bolster scientific research, foster innovation, enhance disaster management, strengthen internal security, improve navigation, and crucially relay signals for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme back to Earth.

These satellites form a vital backbone for India's growing space ecosystem. Ahmed, speaking to IANS in Samastipur during the golden jubilee celebrations of India's inaugural indigenously built satellite, Aryabhata, emphasised their role in advancing technological self-reliance.

He highlighted how such projects are pivotal to expanding India's capabilities in space science, exploration, and practical applications.

ISRO's current portfolio brims with transformative initiatives. These include Earth Observation missions designed to monitor environmental changes and natural phenomena with unprecedented precision. The Navigation with Indian Constellation (NVS) programme aims to refine India's regional satellite navigation system, offering reliable positioning services akin to global standards.

Further afield, the Indian Data Relay Satellite System (IDRSS) promises to revolutionise communication by maintaining continuous contact with satellites in low Earth orbit, a necessity for real-time data transfer during critical operations. The Gaganyaan mission, India's bold step into crewed spaceflight, stands as a centrepiece, with these satellites ensuring seamless signal relay to ground stations.

The Venus Orbiter Mission adds an exploratory dimension, poised to probe the mysteries of Earth's nearest planetary neighbour. Together, these endeavours underscore ISRO's multifaceted strategy, blending observation, navigation, communication, human spaceflight, and planetary science into a cohesive drive for national prowess.

Ahmed's remarks coincided with the 50th anniversary of Aryabhata, launched on 19 April 1975. Named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer, this pioneering satellite marked a watershed in India's space journey. Despite the constraints of the Cold War era—limited resources, rudimentary infrastructure—Aryabhata's success propelled ISRO onto the global stage.

That launch, aboard a Soviet rocket, demonstrated India's nascent ingenuity and laid the groundwork for subsequent triumphs. Aryabhata conducted experiments in X-ray astronomy, solar physics, and aeronomics, proving the viability of home-grown technology. Its legacy endures, inspiring a new cadre of scientists and engineers who now helm ISRO's expansive ambitions.

To commemorate this milestone, ISRO has rolled out a nationwide outreach programme targeting school students. The initiative seeks to ignite young minds with the wonders of space and the opportunities within the sector. The inaugural event in Bihar unfolded on Monday at Holy Mission High School in Samastipur, drawing pupils from five 10+2 schools.

During the program, students gained insights into ISRO's ongoing work and future prospects. Scientists shared personal anecdotes, revealing that many had studied in Hindi-medium schools, shattering myths of elitism. Their stories urged the young audience to dream boldly and pursue careers in space science and technology.

This outreach reflects ISRO's commitment to nurturing talent from diverse backgrounds. As India fast-tracks its space station—a modular habitat orbiting Earth by the decade's end—these efforts ensure a steady influx of skilled minds. With 80 satellites in the pipeline, Gaganyaan on the horizon, and interplanetary ventures underway, ISRO is not merely participating in the space race; it is redefining India's place among cosmic frontrunners.

Based On IANS Report

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GRSE And HSL Unite For Ambitious National Maritime Shipbuilding Drive

Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) and Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) have forged a pivotal partnership by signing a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on Monday, 9 February 2026, to establish a consortium for a major national shipbuilding programme.

This agreement, inked in Kolkata, unites two prominent defence public sector undertakings (PSUs), both recognised as mini-Ratna companies, in a bid to execute large-scale construction of advanced maritime platforms.

GRSE, headquartered in Kolkata, brings its renowned expertise in warship building, having delivered over 780 platforms including frigates, corvettes, and offshore patrol vessels to the Indian Navy and Coast Guard.

HSL, based in Visakhapatnam, complements this with its specialised capabilities in constructing complex vessels such as survey ships, tankers, and submarines, alongside repair and refit services for naval assets.

The consortium aims to harness these complementary strengths, pooling resources in design, engineering, fabrication, and project management to meet ambitious national maritime objectives.

Senior officials from both shipyards formalised the MoU, marking a strategic step towards bolstering India's shipbuilding ecosystem amid growing demands for indigenous defence production.

This collaboration aligns seamlessly with the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' initiative, emphasising self-reliance in critical defence technologies and reducing dependence on foreign imports for naval hardware.

The envisaged maritime platforms are expected to incorporate cutting-edge features, potentially including stealth technologies, enhanced sensors, and integrated weapon systems tailored for modern naval warfare.

By combining GRSE's agile production lines with HSL's large-scale dry dock facilities, the partnership promises accelerated timelines and cost efficiencies in delivering these platforms. This move comes at a crucial juncture for India's maritime security, as the Navy expands its fleet to counter regional threats in the Indian Ocean Region, including from China and Pakistan.

The consortium's formation could catalyse technology transfers, joint R&D efforts, and skill development programs, fostering a robust talent pool in shipbuilding across eastern and southern India.

Official statements highlight the pact's role in enhancing the country's maritime infrastructure, with long-term benefits for operational readiness and strategic deterrence.

GRSE's track record includes recent successes like the commissioning of ASW Shallow Water Crafts and Next Generation Corvettes, while HSL has revived its fortunes through projects like the CADAM tankers.

This alliance may pave the way for bidding on high-value contracts under the Navy's Rs 2.3 lakh crore shipbuilding plan over the next decade.

Industry observers anticipate that the consortium will streamline supply chains, optimise resource utilisation, and mitigate risks associated with mega-projects.

The partnership underscores the government's push for PSU collaborations to counter private sector competition from entities like L&T and Mazagon Dock.

As both shipyards operate under the Ministry of Defence, the MoU ensures alignment with national security priorities and procurement policies.

Future phases may involve integrating advanced materials, AI-driven automation, and green shipbuilding practices to meet global standards. This development reinforces India's position as an emerging shipbuilding powerhouse, capable of exporting platforms to friendly nations.

Stakeholders eagerly await details on specific projects, timelines, and investment commitments from the consortium.

Based On PTI Report

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SHANTI Act Ushers In Private Era For India's Nuclear Power Surge

The Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Technology for India (SHANTI) Act, 2025, heralds a transformative shift in India's civil nuclear energy landscape.

Enacted by Parliament, this landmark legislation repeals the outdated Atomic Energy Act, 1962, and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010. It replaces a patchwork of fragmented laws with a unified, modern framework.

This new act aligns nuclear policy seamlessly with India's pressing goals of energy security, grid reliability, and decarbonisation. The government has set an ambitious target of 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047. Currently, India's installed nuclear capacity lingers at 8.78 GW, accounting for a modest 3 per cent of total electricity generation.

Projections indicate a rise to 22.38 GW by 2031-32, blending indigenous 700 MW reactors with international collaborations. Yet, the sector has long been hamstrung by structural hurdles: a state monopoly on operations, a liability regime that scared off investors, and regulations suited to a single-operator model.

At its core, the SHANTI Act introduces measured liberalisation. Indian private firms, joint ventures, and approved entities can now seek licences to construct, own, operate, and decommission nuclear power plants and reactors. This extends to segments of the value chain, such as manufacturing, fuel transport, storage, and select imports or exports.

Crucially, sensitive areas remain ring-fenced for government control. Uranium enrichment, isotopic separation, spent fuel reprocessing, radionuclide handling, high-level waste management, and heavy water production stay exclusive to the central government or its fully owned bodies. This safeguards national security over the nuclear fuel cycle.

The act mandates a robust licensing and safety regime. Licences can be granted, suspended, or revoked under clear conditions. Radiation-related activities demand prior safety clearance, prioritising compliance and public safety amid broader participation.

A pivotal reform tackles the thorny liability issue. The 2010 Act capped operator liability at Rs 15 billion but granted statutory recourse against suppliers, breeding uncertainty that repelled global tech providers. The SHANTI Act introduces a tiered structure, scaling liability by reactor size—up to Rs 30 billion for large units, lower for smaller ones and fuel facilities.

To bolster compensation, a dedicated nuclear liability fund will draw from levies on operations. Supplier recourse is now confined to contractual terms or deliberate misconduct, mirroring international standards and unlocking foreign investment.

Regulatory overhaul forms another cornerstone. The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board gains statutory independence, moving beyond executive oversight. This enhances transparency, credibility, and legal muscle for licensing, inspections, enforcement, and penalties.

New governance layers include the Atomic Energy Redressal Advisory Council for disputes and an appellate authority for regulatory rulings. Claims commissioners and a nuclear damage commission stand ready for incident compensation.

These changes dovetail with wider government pushes. The Nuclear Energy Mission eyes 100 GW by 2047, recognising nuclear baseload reliability amid renewable growth. The 2025-26 Union Budget allocates ₹20,000 crores for small modular reactors (SMRs), targeting five indigenous units by 2033.

Institutions like the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre lead R&D, developing the 200 MWe Bharat Small Modular Reactor, a 55 MWe design, and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors for hydrogen production. The act furnishes the legal backbone for these at scale.

Investment appeal surges as the top impact. By clarifying liability, regulation, and market access, the act renders projects more financeable for domestic and overseas backers. Mandatory insurance and dedicated funds ensure victim redress while capping risks predictably.

Operationally, fortified regulation promises sharper oversight and less ambiguity. Statutory regulator status reassures developers, lenders, and insurers alike.

Private entry eases fiscal pressures too. Nuclear expansion demands vast capital; public funds alone cannot suffice for 100 GW ambitions. Private capital, expertise, and delivery prowess will hasten growth under government watch.

Success, however, rests on execution. Subordinate rules, detailed regulations, and contracts will shape real-world outcomes. Regulatory capacity must expand swiftly to handle diverse designs, operators, and technologies.

Licensing delays could become the next snag without agile expertise and staffing. Investor trust hinges on consistent, foreseeable rollout.

From a systemic view, nuclear complements renewables as India absorbs more solar and wind. Firm, dispatchable, low-carbon power grows vital, and the SHANTI Act equips nuclear for this role.

In essence, the act recalibrates India's nuclear framework profoundly. Consolidating laws, inviting private players, refining liability, and bolstering regulation, it pivots the sector from stagnation to a scalable, investment-ready ecosystem attuned to energy and climate imperatives.

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India Hands Over 50 Military Vehicles To Nepal Army, Fortifying Border Bond

India has strengthened its defence ties with Nepal by handing over 50 military utility vehicles to the Nepal Army. The handover took place at the India-Nepal border on Monday, 9 February 2026, as announced by the Indian Army.

This gesture underscores the enduring bond of friendship, trust, and close cooperation between the two armies. The Indian Army shared images of the event on social media, highlighting its commitment to capacity-building efforts for its Nepalese counterparts.

The vehicles will receive formal presentation by the Ambassador of India to Nepal during a ceremony in Kathmandu. This initiative reflects India's ongoing support for regional partners in enhancing military capabilities.

In a related development, the Indian Army detailed its cooperation with the Myanmar Army. A Mobile Training Team from the Simulator Development Division installed and operationalised a 12-lane Infantry Weapon Training Simulator at the Myanmar Army Combat Forces School in Bahtoo.

Comprehensive training was provided to Myanmar Army personnel, covering system handling, scenario execution, and technical maintenance. These efforts demonstrate India's broadening defence diplomacy with neighbouring countries.

The handover to Nepal aligns with longstanding military exchanges between the two nations. India and Nepal share deep historical ties, including joint military training and personnel exchanges through the Gorkha regiments.

Such initiatives bolster interoperability and readiness along shared borders. They also signal India's proactive role in fostering stability in South Asia amid evolving regional security dynamics.

The Myanmar collaboration further exemplifies this strategy. By deploying advanced simulators, India aids in modernising training infrastructure for partner forces.

These actions come at a time when defence cooperation is pivotal for countering transnational threats. Experts view them as pragmatic steps to deepen strategic partnerships.

Overall, the Indian Army's engagements reaffirm its position as a key player in regional defence architecture.

Agencies

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White House Hails 'Historic' US-India Trade Pact As Gateway To Vast Indian Market

The White House has announced a landmark trade deal between the United States and India, describing it as a historic agreement that will fling open India's massive market of over 1.4 billion consumers to American products.

This development follows a joint statement issued last Friday, local time in Washington DC, where US President Donald J. Trump outlined the pact's key elements.

The agreement stems from a recent telephone conversation between President Trump and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. During the call, the leaders established a framework for an Interim Agreement on reciprocal trade. They also reaffirmed their dedication to negotiating a broader US-India Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA).

A significant concession from the US side involves the removal of an additional 25 per cent tariff on imports from India. President Trump signed an Executive Order to this effect last Friday, acknowledging India's pledge to cease purchasing oil from the Russian Federation. In response, the US will reduce its Reciprocal Tariff on India from 25 per cent to 18 per cent.

This move addresses longstanding systemic imbalances in bilateral trade and shared national security concerns, according to the White House. India's alignment with US priorities has paved the way for these tariff adjustments.

Key provisions of the deal require India to eliminate or reduce tariffs on all US industrial goods. This extends to a broad array of American food and agricultural products, such as dried distillers' grains (DDGs), red sorghum, tree nuts, fresh and processed fruits, certain pulses, soybean oil, wine, spirits, and more.

India has further committed to ramping up purchases of American goods. Over the coming years, it pledges to acquire more than USD 500 billion worth of US energy, information and communication technology, agricultural products, coal, and other items.

The agreement mandates India to tackle non-tariff barriers impeding bilateral trade in priority sectors. This aims to smooth the path for American exporters facing historical protectionist hurdles.

Both nations will negotiate rules of origin to ensure that the deal's benefits primarily favour the US and India. This provision guards against third-party exploitation of the concessions.

India has agreed to scrap its digital services taxes. It also commits to forging robust bilateral digital trade rules, tackling discriminatory practices, burdensome barriers, and prohibiting customs duties on electronic transmissions.

Economic security forms another pillar of the pact. The US and India vow to bolster supply chain resilience and innovation by countering non-market policies from third parties. They will cooperate on investment reviews and export controls.

Bilateral trade in technology products will see a sharp increase. Joint cooperation in this area is set to expand significantly, fostering innovation and mutual gains.

The White House statement lambasts India's past trade practices, noting some of the world's highest tariffs against the US. These include an average of 37 per cent on agricultural goods and over 100 per cent on certain automobiles. Non-tariff barriers have long banned or restricted many US exports.

Implementation will move swiftly in the weeks ahead. The US and India aim to finalise the Interim Agreement promptly, while advancing towards a comprehensive BTA.

Future negotiations will cover remaining tariff barriers, additional non-tariff obstacles, technical barriers to trade, customs facilitation, good regulatory practices, trade remedies, services, investment, intellectual property, labour standards, environmental concerns, government procurement, and curbing unfair practices by state-owned enterprises.

This deal aligns with a national emergency declared by President Trump on 2 April 2025. That declaration addressed the persistent US goods trade deficit, driven by non-reciprocal trade relationships, unfair tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and trading partners' policies that suppress domestic wages and consumption.

Through this agreement, President Trump seeks to dismantle tariff and non-tariff barriers worldwide. The focus includes expanding market access for American exporters, particularly in agriculture, to advance US interests.

Based On ANI Report

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ISRO Gears Up For PSLV Probe As Third-Stage Woes Prompt Full Vehicle Review

ISRO is on the verge of establishing a formal Failure Analysis Committee (FAC) to dissect the causes behind the PSLV-C62 mission's failure on 12 January 2026. This comes nearly a month after the launch from Sriharikota, which marked the second PSLV setback in quick succession.

The space agency has already mobilised an internal Data Analysis Committee (DAC) to sift through vast troves of flight data. Sources indicate that this preliminary group has been poring over telemetry records, ground station logs, and process documents, aligning them into a unified timeline.

With roughly six minutes of high-resolution data—captured at intervals as precise as two milliseconds—the DAC holds a wealth of information on the vehicle's performance right up to the anomaly. This granular detail should pinpoint the precise moment when third-stage troubles emerged.

ISRO Chairman V Narayanan confirmed to reporters that the expert committee is actively analysing the data, though he offered no further specifics. The PSLV-C62 lifted off normally, aced its second stage, but faltered near the end of the third stage (PS3), with unusual disturbances in roll rates leading to a flight path deviation.

This glitch echoes the PSLV-C61 failure in May 2025, raising alarms about recurring issues in the PS3. One scientist emphasised the urgency of probing any connections between the two mishaps, alongside a comprehensive audit of the 33-year-old PSLV platform.

The DAC's remit extends beyond mere data crunching; it must check for systemic links to prior failures and conduct a holistic review of the PSLV's design, manufacturing, and testing protocols. All this will arm the forthcoming FAC with a robust foundation.

Unlike the internally led DAC—chaired by a former ISRO head—the FAC will draw in external experts from beyond the Department of Space. This broader perspective aims to ensure impartiality and thoroughness in identifying root causes and prescribing fixes.

No timeline has been set for the next PSLV launch, originally slated for the first quarter of 2026 and built by the HAL-L&T consortium. It remains on indefinite hold pending the full analysis.

ISRO's caution ripples outward. While a GSLV mission advances under rigorous scrutiny, the planned SSLV launch faces delays, as its second stage mirrors the PSLV's problematic PS3.

Immediately post-failure, Narayanan noted the third-stage disturbances and path deviation, promising swift updates. Now, with the DAC nearing completion, the FAC's formation could materialise within days.

These back-to-back PSLV stumbles underscore the need to revisit the workhorse rocket's reliability after decades of service. The PSLV has flown over 50 successful missions since 1993, but recent anomalies demand corrective action to safeguard India's orbital ambitions.

The FAC's recommendations will likely shape not just PSLV upgrades but ISRO's launch cadence across vehicles. Stringent pre-mission reviews are now standard, reflecting a prudent approach amid heightened stakes for commercial and scientific payloads.

As Bangalore—ISRO's nerve centre—hosts these deliberations, the space community awaits clarity. Resolving PS3 vulnerabilities could restore confidence and pave the way for denser launch schedules in 2026 and beyond.

Agencies

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Czech Drone Maker Seals India Supply Deal With Chennai Firm Tunga Aerospace

U&C UAS, a Czech Republic-based company, has signed a significant contract with Chennai-based Tunga Aerospace Industries Private Limited for the supply of unmanned aerial vehicles to India.

The agreement, inked on 3 February 2026, marks a key expansion for U&C UAS beyond its primary focus on supporting Ukraine.

It includes the delivery of UAV samples accompanied by a full suite of services, such as professional training for pilots and operators.

This deal builds on initial cooperation between the two firms that began in November 2025 and was formally registered with the Czech Ministry of Defence.

Both parties view the contract as an initial step towards a broader partnership encompassing joint research, development, technology transfer, and eventual production of drones in India.

U&C UAS was founded in July 2022 in Kolín, Czech Republic, by Ukrainian entrepreneurs linked to DeViRo, a firm with roots dating back to 2014 in developing military-grade drones.

DeViRo gained prominence for its Leleka series of reconnaissance drones, which have seen widespread use in Ukraine, and the Bulava family of loitering munitions.

By 2024, U&C UAS had ramped up serial production at its Czech facility, targeting around 100 reconnaissance and strike drones annually.

The company's workforce at Kolín, numbering about 80, comprises mostly Ukrainian specialists, with Czech nationals making up roughly one-fifth.

Among its products are the STORK LR, a long-range reconnaissance drone, and the MACE strike drone, with production and IP rights held fully within the EU.

Former European Commissioner Štefan Füle, once part of U&C UAS management, emphasised priorities like aiding Ukraine while eyeing NATO markets and beyond.

Tunga Aerospace, based in Chennai, India, specialises in aerospace technologies and now enters this collaboration to bolster local UAV capabilities.

The partnership underscores growing defence ties between the EU and India, channeling Ukrainian-honed drone expertise into Asian markets.

While U&C UAS prioritises deliveries to Ukraine amid ongoing conflicts, this Indian venture signals ambitions for Central European and global dominance in medium UAV segments.

Future phases may incorporate interceptor drones, further diversifying the supply beyond surveillance and loitering munitions.

This deal arrives as India ramps up indigenous defence manufacturing under initiatives like 'Make in India', potentially leveraging Czech tech for enhanced border surveillance and tactical operations.

The collaboration promises mutual benefits, with technology transfer enabling Tunga Aerospace to localise production and U&C UAS to tap India's expansive defence budget.

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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Inside India's Enduring US Defence Partnership Amid Trade Turbulence

India's defence collaboration with the United States remains robust and consistent, even as trade negotiations experience fluctuations. Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh has emphasised that military ties between the two nations continue uninterrupted, serving as a strategic win-win for both sides.

Diversification forms the cornerstone of India's defence strategy, with New Delhi engaging multiple global partners to strengthen its armed forces. The United States has emerged as a key ally in this approach, alongside nations like France, Israel, and Germany.

India is actively evaluating US defence technologies and equipment to address gaps in its military capabilities. Singh noted that procurement decisions prioritise operational needs and enhancements across all partnerships, not just with America.

Robust communication channels underpin the partnership, ensuring seamless coordination on security matters. This includes high-level engagements that have sustained ties over recent months despite external pressures like tariffs and regional tensions.

Emergency procurement mechanisms have proven vital, allowing swift access to essential supplies during crises. These arrangements highlight the reliability of US-India defence logistics in times of need.

Joint military exercises are expanding in scope and frequency, fostering interoperability between the forces. These activities bolster readiness for regional challenges and contribute to stability in the Indo-Pacific.​

A landmark 10-year framework agreement, signed last year, provides a comprehensive roadmap for deepened cooperation. It covers areas such as space defence, missile systems, and logistics hubs in India for maintenance and overhaul.

The pact prioritises export approvals for weaponry and joint efforts against weapons proliferation. Leaders from both sides, including Rajnath Singh and US counterparts, have hailed it as a pillar of bilateral relations.

This partnership aligns with India's self-reliance goals under Atmanirbhar Bharat, while leveraging foreign tech for modernisation. Singh's vision includes massive expansion of the domestic defence industry through public-private ties.

Ultimately, the India-US defence alliance stands critical for countering global threats and ensuring a free, open Indo-Pacific. It transcends trade frictions, focusing on shared strategic imperatives.

​

Based On ET News Report

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Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov Takes A Dig At US, Accuses It of Blocking India's Access To Affordable Russian Oil

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov has sharply criticised the United States for attempting to prevent India and other nations from purchasing affordable Russian energy resources.

In an interview with TV BRICS, reported by Sputnik, Lavrov highlighted ongoing efforts to impose bans on such transactions, contrasting them with Washington's push for its own liquefied natural gas (LNG) at inflated prices.

Lavrov pointed to a broader pattern of US coercive measures, including tariffs, sanctions, and direct prohibitions. He described these as tools aimed at securing American economic domination, particularly by controlling vital energy supply routes to major markets.

The Russian minister referenced last year's peace talks in Anchorage, Alaska, where Russia accepted a US proposal to resolve the Ukraine conflict. He expressed disappointment that this did not lead to broad cooperation but instead triggered fresh sanctions and what he called a "war" against tankers on the high seas, in breach of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Europe has already faced such restrictions on Russian energy imports, Lavrov noted, with the US now targeting partners like India. He argued that these moves force buyers to opt for costlier US LNG, undermining fair competition.

Despite these obstacles, Lavrov emphasised Russia's openness to cooperation with all countries, including the US, much like India, China, Indonesia, and Brazil. He portrayed the US as erecting artificial barriers that complicate global trade.

This statement arrives amid reports that India might be reducing its Russian oil imports. On Monday, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri reaffirmed that India's energy decisions prioritise national interest, focusing on adequate availability, fair pricing, and reliable supply.

Misri underscored India's position as a net oil and gas importer. As a developing economy, the country must manage resource constraints and their effects on inflation, he said, with consumer interests at the forefront.

Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal addressed related concerns on Sunday. He clarified that Indian buyers make independent choices on Russian oil, uninfluenced by the recent India-US interim trade agreement framework.

Goyal stressed the strategic value of diversifying energy sources for India. This approach aligns with market realities and international shifts, ensuring energy security for the nation's 1.4 billion people, as per the Ministry of External Affairs.

Lavrov's remarks spotlight escalating geopolitical tensions over energy. Russia remains a key supplier of discounted oil to India, helping stabilise global prices amid the Ukraine crisis and Western sanctions.

India has ramped up Russian crude purchases since 2022, refining it for domestic use and exports. This has saved billions, curbing inflation in a price-sensitive market.

US secondary sanctions threaten third-party nations dealing with Russia. The Treasury has warned of penalties for firms aiding Russian oil transport above a $60-per-barrel price cap.

Lavrov's dig underscores Russia's narrative of US hypocrisy. While preaching free markets, Washington deploys sanctions to corner energy sales, he claimed.

India walks a diplomatic tightrope, balancing ties with Russia and the West. It abstains from UN votes condemning Moscow, prioritising longstanding defence and energy links.

New Delhi's stance reflects pragmatic realism. With 85 per cent oil import reliance, affordable Russian barrels buffer against volatility from Middle East suppliers.

Recent data shows Russian oil comprising nearly 40 per cent of India's imports in late 2025, down slightly from peaks but still vital. Shadow tanker fleets evade Western scrutiny, sustaining flows.

Misri's comments signal continuity. India rejects external diktats on sourcing, echoing Prime Minister Narendra Modi's overtures to President Vladimir Putin.

Goyal's assurance quells speculation that the trade pact curbs Russian buys. It focuses on goods like pharmaceuticals and textiles, leaving energy to market forces.

Lavrov's interview reinforces Moscow's pivot to the Global South. BRICS expansion and rupee-rouble trade bolster resilience against isolation.

India's diversification push includes US, UAE, and African sources. Yet Russian volumes persist due to discounts averaging 20-30 per cent below Brent crude.

Analysts see no sharp import cuts ahead. India's refining capacity expansions target heavier Russian grades, locking in long-term ties.

Based On ANI Report

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Delhi Police Registers FIR Into Leaked Manuscript of Naravane's Memoir Amid Political Storm

Delhi Police have registered a First Information Report (FIR) concerning the unauthorised circulation of an unpublished book by former Indian Army Chief, General MM Naravane. The book, titled Four Stars of Destiny, has not yet received the requisite clearances from competent authorities, yet pre-print copies appear to be circulating online.

The action follows reports on social media platforms and news forums claiming that a PDF version of the manuscript is being shared widely. Police sources indicate that a preliminary verification confirmed the presence of a typeset document on various websites, seemingly prepared by Penguin Random House India Pvt Ltd, the book's publisher.

Investigators noted that the PDF bears the book's title and appears authentic, though its provenance remains under scrutiny. Additionally, some online retail and marketing platforms have displayed the book's cover, misleadingly suggesting it is available for purchase.

Authorities are treating the matter with utmost seriousness, viewing it as a potential breach involving the illicit dissemination of sensitive material. The probe will examine possibilities of copyright infringement, illegal distribution, and other regulatory lapses.

In light of the issue's sensitivity—given General Naravane's stature and the book's likely content on military matters—the investigation has been assigned to Delhi Police's elite Special Cell.

Teams are now tracing the leak's origin, identifying uploaders and circulators, and ascertaining how the manuscript reached public domains prematurely.

Penguin Random House issued a statement late on Monday confirming that no copies of Four Stars of Destiny have been printed, published, or distributed to the public.

The publisher emphasised its commitment to legal protocols, particularly for works involving high-ranking military figures.

This development erupts against a backdrop of intense political controversy. Just a week prior, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi was observed brandishing what he claimed was a copy of the book within the Parliament complex. He sought to reference its contents during proceedings, sparking uproar.

Gandhi was barred by the Chair from quoting an article based on excerpts from the unpublished memoir. The excerpts reportedly include allegations related to the 2020 India-China border conflict, a topic of national security delicacy.

The incident led to chaos in the Lok Sabha, with proceedings disrupted and eight Members of Parliament suspended for the remainder of the Budget session. The opposition accused the government of suppressing debate, while treasury benches decried the use of unverified material.

Reflecting on the episode, Rahul Gandhi stated: "The government did not want me to talk about it, so they stalled the House. They did not let me speak. That happened 3-4 times. First, they said I cannot quote a book, then I said I am not quoting a book, I am quoting a magazine. Then they said you cannot quote a magazine. Then I said I would speak about it. They did not want me to speak about it."

The saga underscores tensions between political discourse, national security protocols, and freedom of expression. Books by retired generals often require vetting to safeguard classified information, a practice rooted in India's defence establishment norms.

General Naravane, who served as Army Chief from 2019 to 2022, has previously authored works on military strategy. Four Stars of Destiny is believed to offer personal insights into his tenure, including pivotal events like the Galwan Valley clash.

As the Special Cell delves deeper, questions arise over how the manuscript escaped controls. Was it an insider leak from the publisher, a hack, or deliberate sabotage? Digital forensics and cyber trails will be key to unravelling the puzzle.

Political ramifications linger. The Congress party has demanded transparency on the book's contents and government handling of the border conflict revelations. Meanwhile, the ruling dispensation insists on procedural adherence to prevent misinformation.

Delhi Police have urged the public not to share or download the leaked file, warning of legal consequences. Platforms hosting the PDF have been asked to remove it forthwith.

Further updates are expected as the investigation progresses, with potential arrests if culpability is established. This case highlights the challenges of managing information in the digital age, especially when it intersects with matters of state.

Agencies

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