Pakistan’s Defence Accords May Trigger Miscalculation, Ex-CDS Anil Chauhan Warns

Former Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan has cautioned that Pakistan will remain a major security concern and threat for India for the foreseeable future.

Speaking in New Delhi at a memorial lecture, he warned that recent defence accords signed by Pakistan with Saudi Arabia and Turkiye could induce overconfidence in Islamabad, potentially leading to another miscalculation.

He noted that the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement signed on 7 August 2026 by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stipulates that an attack against one of them will be treated as an attack against all.

While acknowledging the seriousness of such collective defence arrangements, he stressed that India must remain vigilant as these agreements could embolden Pakistan.

General Chauhan emphasised that measures such as Operation Sindoor and holding the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance may hopefully induce behavioural change in Pakistan. However, he cautioned that accords like the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement could create a false sense of security for Pakistan, increasing the risk of miscalculation.

He reiterated that Pakistan’s strategy has long been shaped by the stability-instability paradox created by nuclear weapons. While nuclear deterrence has created static stability at the apex level, it has simultaneously encouraged instability at the lower level by expanding the space for sub-conventional operations such as terrorism and cross-border activities.

He explained that Pakistan’s approach has been to reduce the space for conventional operations while exploiting terrorism and proxy war as instruments of state policy.

General Chauhan underlined that terrorism and proxy war will remain a major challenge for India. He explained that non-state actors provide deniability, reduce apparent costs and provoke political and communal consequences.

Even when terrorist networks are degraded, the enabling ecosystem of ideology, recruitment, finance, training, propaganda and state support can recreate them. Therefore, India must operate on the premise that terrorism will persist as a threat.

He asserted that the only way to defeat this strategy is through credible deterrence. India has demonstrated this deterrence in three cross-border operations — Uri, Balakot and Operation Sindoor. 

He stressed that deterrence must operate across the spectrum, raising the cost of proxy war and terrorism for Pakistan so that it ceases to use them as instruments of state policy.

Reflecting on Operation Sindoor, which was conducted in May 2025 to avenge the deadly April 22 Pahalgam attack, General Chauhan highlighted the jointness and integration among the three services of India’s armed forces.

He noted that India’s forces performed better than their adversaries due to superior battlefield transparency and situational awareness, enabling faster and better decisions. He has consistently maintained that Operation Sindoor is not over but merely paused, urging the armed forces to maintain constant operational readiness.

In his nearly 50-minute lecture, General Chauhan also outlined broader challenges facing India’s armed forces. He pointed to unresolved borders, cross-border terrorism, non-state actors, contested global commons, and expanding competition in space, cyber and maritime domains.

He stressed that these factors interact and must be examined holistically rather than in separate compartments.

He emphasised that the future will favour forces that learn and adapt faster than their adversaries. India must therefore be strong in both traditional and new domains — land, sea, airspace, cyber, electromagnetic spectrum, physical, cognitive and synthetic domains.

He underlined that jointness and integration are essential, as technology erases organisational boundaries faster than bureaucracies. Sensors, decision-makers and shooters must be connected across all domains, supported by a common operational picture and resilient networks.

General Chauhan’s remarks underscored the enduring nature of Pakistan as a security threat, the risks posed by its new defence accords, and the necessity for India to maintain credible deterrence and operational readiness across all domains of warfare.

PTI

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Pakistan’s Push For Talks And Kirana Hills Truth: Ex-CDS Gen Chauhan Reveals Operation Sindoor’s Big Revelation

Former CDS General Anil Chauhan has clarified that India did not deliberately target Pakistan’s Kirana Hills during Operation Sindoor, but a loitering munition searching for radars near Sargodha may have accidentally struck the area, Republic World reported.

He also revealed that Pakistan, under pressure, repeatedly pushed for talks even as India continued calibrated strikes, underscoring New Delhi’s resolve to dictate the terms of escalation.

India’s Operation Sindoor was launched in May 2025 as a direct response to the Pahalgam terror attack of April 22, which killed 26 civilians. The operation involved precision strikes on nine terror infrastructure sites across Pakistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir, eliminating over 100 terrorists.

General Chauhan explained that loitering munitions were deployed around Sargodha to hunt for radar systems. These drones had a loitering time of about two hours, after which they would descend and strike if no target was found.

One such munition may have come down near Kirana Hills, about 10 kilometres north of Sargodha, an area long associated with Pakistan’s nuclear facilities.

Pakistani media later showed images of smoke rising from the hills, fuelling speculation that India had deliberately targeted the site.

Chauhan backed Air Marshal A.K. Bharti’s earlier clarification that India had not targeted Kirana Hills. He stressed that the impact was incidental, not intentional, and reiterated that India’s strikes were focused on military targets such as airbases and terror camps.

He further revealed that Pakistan’s leadership, rattled by the scale of India’s offensive, repeatedly reached out for talks. At one point, Pakistan’s military establishment contacted India around 10 am during the strikes, requesting dialogue.

Despite this, India authorised further strikes, including on Bholari airbase, after Skardu was skipped due to bad weather. Chauhan emphasised that India’s principle was clear: the final strike or “winning note” would always be delivered by India, not Pakistan.

The former CDS highlighted that India’s operational success stemmed from superior situational awareness, battlefield transparency, and networking among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. He noted that Pakistan struggled to assess the damage, even attempting to use commercial satellite imagery from Chinese companies without success.

Chauhan also underscored the importance of evolving strategies. He explained that India deliberately chose a “third option” during Operation Sindoor by exploiting lower airspace, distinct from the land-based response after Uri and the large air package used after Pulwama. This approach kept the threshold of conflict low while ensuring operational surprise.

He observed that no military is ever 100 per cent prepared at all times, but India’s clear political direction and joint force coordination allowed decisive action. He also pointed out Pakistan’s reliance on foreign intelligence, which led to inaccurate battlefield assessments, particularly in maritime operations.

The revelations about Kirana Hills and Pakistan’s push for talks reinforce India’s narrative of control during Operation Sindoor. They also highlight the credibility gap in Pakistan’s claims, as its leadership scrambled to seek dialogue while India maintained escalation dominance.

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PM Modi Granted Military Complete Freedom of Action Before Operation Sindoor Says Ex-CDS General Anil Chauhan

Former Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan has disclosed that Prime Minister Narendra Modi granted the military “complete freedom of action” before the launch of Operation Sindoor.

He explained that the Prime Minister told the armed forces to decide the timing of the operation themselves, while ensuring there was no possibility of failure. Chauhan made these remarks at the Vivekananda Centre in New Delhi, emphasising that clear political direction was given at the highest level.

He recalled that the political decision to punish the perpetrators of the Pahalgam terror attack and to reject cross-border terrorism was publicly conveyed by Prime Minister Modi in his speech at Patna on 24 April.

Chauhan noted that decisions on diplomacy, economic power and trade were taken on 23 April, while the decision on the application of military force was finalised on 29 April during a meeting between the Chiefs of Staff Committee, Defence Minister and National Security Advisor with the Prime Minister.

Between 23 and 29 April, several meetings were held as the military presented different operational options to the government.

Chauhan explained that the consensus reached was that Pakistan must be taught a decisive lesson, as India would not tolerate cross-border terrorism any longer. He highlighted that the Prime Minister made it clear there was no political pressure to launch the operation immediately, stressing instead that the armed forces should act at their own chosen time.

According to Chauhan, Modi’s instructions were precise. He directed that there must be no failure, whether human or technical, and insisted that evidence of every action be preserved. Most importantly, he granted the military complete freedom of action.

Chauhan described this as the ideal situation for the armed forces, since what they require most is unambiguous political guidance, which was fully provided.

Operation Sindoor was launched on 7 May 2025 as a decisive and targeted response to dismantle terror infrastructure across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir.

The operation was aimed at destroying bases linked to the planning of the 22 April Pahalgam terror attack. Following effective Indian strikes that dismantled key launchpads, the operation was paused on 10 May after a formal request from Pakistan.

This revelation by General Chauhan underscores the synergy between political leadership and military execution during one of India’s most significant counter-terror operations.

It also highlights the broader strategic framework in which decisions on diplomacy, trade and military force were synchronised to deliver a calibrated national response.

ANI

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National Theatre Command: A Phased Path To Joint Integration

The debate on Theatre Commands in India has been ongoing for several years, particularly since the creation of the Chief of Defence Staff and the Department of Military Affairs in 2020, wrote renowned Defence Analyst Nitin A Gokhale in a report.

The discussion has gained renewed momentum following recent high-level deliberations in the Ministry of Defence and strong arguments presented by senior retired officers.

The central issue remains whether India should immediately establish multiple geographical Theatre Commands or adopt a phased approach beginning with a National Theatre Command.

The proposal for a National Theatre Command suggests that the CDS, as Permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, should be empowered to plan, direct, and control operations under a contingency-based mandate issued by the government.

This would ensure clarity on when the CDS can exercise operational command, avoiding the ambiguity seen during Operation Sindoor. Headquarters IDS would be re-designated as Joint HQ NTC, with the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff double-hatted as Chief of Joint Operations to assist the CDS. This arrangement would mainstream the CDS and CISC into operational roles while retaining their advisory and administrative responsibilities.

Operational forces under this model would not be permanently controlled by the CDS but allocated by Service Chiefs when required for specific campaigns. Once operations conclude, forces would revert to their parent Services.

The CDS could also assign Sub-Theatre Commanders from among tri-service combatant C-in-Cs for joint operations. A Joint Ops Room and Joint Operations Committee would provide structural support, ensuring effective coordination and issuance of operational directives.

This framework would allow India to respond more effectively to contingencies such as inter-state wars, limited conflicts, cross-border terror attacks, Out-of-Area Contingencies, and large-scale humanitarian or evacuation operations.

Importantly, the model does not diminish the role of Service Chiefs but instead strengthens jointness by integrating the CDS into operational planning. It addresses concerns raised by the Indian Air Force about disrupting current structures while threats on the northern borders persist.

By focusing on contingency-driven integration, the NTC offers a balanced way forward without forcing premature structural changes.

Forming an NTC would not end the idea of multiple Theatre Commands. Rather, it would serve as a transitional step, allowing India to absorb lessons from global conflicts and adapt them to its unique context.

After three to five years, the nation could consider evolving into geographical or threat-based Theatre Commands, or even functional commands such as Aerospace or Cyber. This phased approach ensures flexibility, avoids entrenched opposition, and maintains momentum in defence reforms.

The concept of “make haste, but slowly” underlines the need for patience and adaptability. Military reforms in democracies often face resistance due to differing institutional perspectives. The NTC provides a least common denominator solution that can generate consensus while strengthening operational readiness.

By tweaking the existing higher defence organisation, the CDS and HQ IDS would gain operational relevance, enhancing their advisory role to the Raksha Mantri. Over time, the NTC would evolve naturally, offering clearer direction for subsequent reforms.

The phased approach thus represents a pragmatic path forward. It balances the urgency of integration with the need for consensus, ensuring that India’s military reforms remain constructive and sustainable. 

The National Theatre Command could become the foundation upon which future Theatre Commands are built, aligning India’s defence structure with both domestic realities and global best practices.

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India’s Theatre Command Reform Moves Into Governmental Decision Phase

India’s long-awaited theatre command reform has reached a decisive stage, with the final military report now under government review.

The outcome will determine how the armed forces are structured for decades, shaping India’s ability to fight future wars against China and Pakistan in a unified, multi-domain format.

The plan to operationalise integrated theatre commands has moved into the political-bureaucratic domain. The Defence Ministry informed the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence that the final report is under consideration, making theatrisation the only pending recommendation among thirty-four proposals. This marks a critical juncture in India’s higher defence organisation.

The transition in leadership adds weight to the development. General N.S. Raja Subramani assumed charge as the third Chief of Defence Staff after General Anil Chauhan demitted office in May 2026. 

Chauhan had submitted the final report before leaving, concluding years of inter-service consultations. His tenure saw significant progress despite interruptions such as Operation Sindoor, which temporarily delayed deliberations.

The Standing Committee noted that the Joint Staff has advanced the process considerably. A dedicated team of officers from the Army, Navy and Air Force has been formed under the Chief of Integrated Staff to the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee.

This team is studying global military organisations and refining the proposed structure through consultations. Issues requiring consensus continue to be discussed in the Chiefs of Staff Committee to evolve a common understanding.

Under the proposed architecture, Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff will coordinate operational issues involving the theatres with the three Service headquarters during the transition.

Operational coordination between theatres and Services will be managed through a Joint Operations Staff once the structures are approved. This arrangement is intended to ensure seamless integration during the shift from single-service commands to theatre-based commands.

The aim of theatrisation is to unify the war-fighting capabilities of the Army, Navy and Air Force under joint operational command. India currently operates seventeen single-service commands — seven each for the Army and Air Force, and three for the Navy. The reform seeks to replace this fragmented system with geographically and threat-oriented theatre commands, enabling faster decision-making, optimised resource allocation and multi-domain synergy.

The intellectual foundation of the reform lies in the Kargil Review Committee of 1999–2000, which first highlighted the need for integrated structures. Momentum increased after the creation of the CDS post in 2019. Successive CDS officers have carried the process forward, with Chauhan’s final report marking the military’s conclusion of deliberations.

The emerging consensus points to three principal theatre commands. The Northern Theatre Command will focus on China and the Line of Actual Control, with headquarters likely at Lucknow and led by an Army officer.

The Western Theatre Command will be oriented towards Pakistan, headquartered at Jaipur, and expected to be commanded by an Air Force officer, reflecting lessons from recent air-centric operations. 

The Maritime Theatre Command will oversee the Indian Ocean Region, coastal defence and maritime security, with headquarters likely at Thiruvananthapuram and led by a Navy officer. The Andaman and Nicobar Command will be integrated into this structure.

Each theatre will be commanded by a four-star officer, placing them at parity with the Service Chiefs. The Chiefs will retain responsibility for “raise, train and sustain” functions, while theatre commanders will exercise operational control. This division is designed to balance administrative authority with operational effectiveness.

Timelines remain under discussion. Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi has indicated that full implementation could take two to three years after political approval. Chauhan had earlier estimated eighteen to twenty-four months for operationalisation once the government decides.

The next step involves examination by the Defence Minister and Defence Secretary before submission to the Cabinet Committee on Security for final clearance.

Supporters argue that integrated theatre commands will enhance India’s ability to manage simultaneous threats from China and Pakistan, improve jointness in domains such as cyber, space and cognitive warfare, and align India with global military models. Challenges persist, including asset division, chain of command clarity during crises, phased transition without readiness gaps, and changes in logistics, training and doctrine.

The government has described theatre commands as a trailblazing reform. With the final military report now under review and only one parliamentary reply pending, the process has entered the realm of decision-making. The outcome will shape India’s defence organisation for decades, determining how the armed forces prepare for and fight future conflicts in an increasingly complex strategic environment.

ANI

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CDS Subramani To Present Theatre Command Plan To Rajnath Singh For CCS Approval

General N S Raja Subramani, who recently assumed office as India’s third Chief of Defence Staff, is preparing to advance the long-awaited theatre commands reform.

By the end of this month, he will make a crucial presentation to Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, seeking permission to move the proposal forward for Cabinet Committee on Security approval under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This marks a decisive step in a process that has been in motion since 2022.

The presentation will be based on the final draft submitted by his predecessor, General Anil Chauhan, before retiring on 31 May. Subramani is expected to present the proposal in detail before all stakeholders and the minister, ensuring that the plan is thoroughly examined before being escalated to the highest level of government.

At the heart of the proposal are three theatre commands: Northern, focused on China; Western, focused on Pakistan; and Maritime, incorporating the Andaman and Nicobar Command.

The plan also envisages the creation of four new four-star posts, including that of the Vice Chief of Defence Staff. Each theatre command will be led by a four-star officer, equivalent in rank to the current service chiefs, thereby ensuring parity in authority and responsibility.

The political leadership is firmly supportive of theatre commands as part of essential military reforms. However, the three service headquarters remain divided over the dilution of service chiefs’ operational powers.

Under the new structure, service chiefs will no longer have operational roles, with their responsibilities confined to training and sustenance. Theatre commanders will report directly to the defence minister during wartime, a significant shift in India’s military command structure.

Concerns also exist within the military-civilian bureaucracy about the creation of four additional four-star posts. These officers would hold the same ex-officio cabinet secretary rank as the service chiefs, raising questions about whether the structure could become top-heavy. Yet, proponents argue that hierarchy and seniority are fundamental to the armed forces, and appointing theatre commanders as three-star officers would undermine the reform, as service chiefs would overshadow them.

Although all service chiefs had signed off on the theatre commands plan during General Chauhan’s tenure, the Indian Air Force has remained cautious. Its reservations stem from the risk of overstretching limited aerial assets across multiple theatres, potentially weakening operational effectiveness. In contrast, the Army and Navy have expressed strong support for the reform, recognising its potential to enhance jointness and efficiency.

The approach to Theaterisation has evolved under successive CDSs. General Bipin Rawat pursued a top-down strategy to unify the services, while General Chauhan adopted a softer, bottom-up method, focusing on joint operations, intelligence, and communications.

General Subramani now carries the responsibility of steering the reform through its final stages, balancing political will, bureaucratic concerns, and inter-service differences.

The upcoming presentation will be pivotal in determining whether India’s armed forces can transition to a theatre command structure, a reform seen as critical for future conflicts and strategic readiness. The decision will shape the country’s military organisation for decades to come.

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CDS General Raja Subramani Stresses Jointness, Self-Reliance And Innovation At Western Air Command

Chief of Defence Staff General N.S. Raja Subramani undertook his maiden visit to the Headquarters of the Western Air Command, where he engaged with senior leadership of the Indian Air Force to deliberate on the future trajectory of India’s military transformation.

The visit was marked by a strong emphasis on the principles of Jointness, Atmanirbharta and Innovation, which he described as the three pillars of building a modern, integrated and future-ready military force.

On arrival, General Subramani was received by Air Marshal George Thomas, the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Western Air Command. He was comprehensively briefed on the command’s operational responsibilities, its readiness levels and the ongoing initiatives aimed at enhancing capabilities.

This interaction provided him with a detailed overview of the operational posture of one of the most strategically significant commands of the Indian Air Force.

In his address to officers at the headquarters, the CDS underscored the transformative power of JAI — Jointness, Atmanirbharta and Innovation. He highlighted the growing importance of joint operations and inter-service integration in countering emerging security challenges.

Stressing the need for enhanced synergy among the Army, Navy and Air Force, he noted that such integration is vital for strengthening India’s defence preparedness and operational effectiveness in an increasingly complex environment.

General Subramani reiterated the significance of self-reliance in defence, aligning his message with the national vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat. He called for accelerated efforts in indigenous capability development and technological innovation, encouraging the Armed Forces to leverage domestic expertise and innovation to reduce dependence on foreign defence technologies.

His remarks reflected the broader national drive to build sovereign defence capabilities across aerospace, cyber, electronic warfare and advanced weapons systems.

The CDS also drew attention to Human Resource Capital as the ultimate force multiplier. He emphasised that the strength, professionalism and adaptability of military personnel form the foundation of combat effectiveness.

He urged investment in leadership development, training and skill enhancement to prepare the Armed Forces for future operational environments characterised by rapid technological change and multi-domain warfare.

The visit underscored the Armed Forces’ commitment to jointness, technological advancement and self-reliance as key drivers of India’s military modernisation. It reaffirmed the collective resolve to build an integrated and capable defence force prepared to meet the challenges of an evolving security landscape. 

The symbolism of the CDS’s maiden visit to the Western Air Command also highlighted the importance of air power in joint operations and the need for seamless coordination across services.

General Subramani’s emphasis on innovation resonates with India’s ongoing efforts to integrate artificial intelligence, unmanned systems, and advanced aerospace technologies into its defence architecture.

His call for synergy between human capital and technological advancement reflects a holistic approach to military transformation, ensuring that India’s Armed Forces remain agile, resilient and future-ready.

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General Raja Subramani Assumes CDS Role To Drive Theaterisation And Indigenisation

General N. S. Raja Subramani has formally assumed charge as India’s Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), succeeding General Anil Chauhan.

His appointment marks a decisive moment in India’s defence transformation, with a clear mandate to advance theatreisation, strengthen tri-service jointness, and accelerate indigenisation under the vision of Atmanirbharta.

Commissioned into the 8th Battalion of the Garhwal Rifles in December 1985, General Subramani’s career spans over four decades of distinguished service. He commanded 16 Garhwal Rifles during counter-insurgency operations in Assam under Operation Rhino, the 168 Infantry Brigade in Jammu & Kashmir, and the 17 Mountain Division in the Central Sector.

He also led the prestigious II Corps, the Indian Army’s premier strike formation on the western front, reflecting his deep operational expertise across India’s most sensitive theatres.

His senior appointments include serving as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Central Command, Vice Chief of the Army Staff, and later as Military Adviser to the National Security Council Secretariat.

These roles gave him extensive exposure to strategic planning, inter-service coordination, and national security policymaking. He has also held instructional and staff positions, including Chief Instructor at the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, and Chief of Staff at Northern Command, further enriching his leadership credentials.

General Subramani is highly decorated, having been awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, Sena Medal, and Vishisht Seva Medal for his distinguished service.

His academic background is equally formidable: he is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy, Indian Military Academy, Joint Services Command and Staff College in the UK, and the National Defence College in New Delhi. He holds a Master’s degree from King’s College London and an MPhil in Defence Studies from Madras University, combining operational experience with intellectual depth.

Upon assuming charge, General Subramani emphasised his commitment to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of “JAI” — Jointness, Atmanirbharta, and Innovation. He pledged to accelerate the development, induction, and integration of indigenous weapons systems, highlighting Atmanirbharta as a central pillar of India’s national security.

He also underlined the importance of innovation, calling for greater collaboration between the armed forces, industry, academia, start-ups, and the research ecosystem to drive modernisation.

His immediate mandate includes implementing integrated theatre commands to enhance synergy among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This reform is expected to streamline command structures, improve operational efficiency, and strengthen India’s preparedness for multi-domain warfare.

He also reaffirmed the armed forces’ commitment to safeguarding India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, while prioritising the welfare of soldiers, veterans, and Veer Naaris.

General Subramani’s appointment is historic for the Garhwal Rifles, as he becomes the first four-star officer from the regiment to reach the pinnacle of India’s military hierarchy. His rise symbolises continuity of military excellence and the emergence of a leadership vision rooted in both operational credibility and forward-looking transformation.

As India pursues one of the world’s most ambitious defence modernisation programmes, General Subramani’s leadership is expected to accelerate reforms, strengthen tri-service integration, and ensure that indigenous capability-building remains at the forefront of national security strategy.

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General Anil Chauhan Bids Farewell As CDS After Strengthening Tri-Service Synergy

General Anil Chauhan concluded his tenure as India’s Chief of Defence Staff on Saturday, describing his three-year-and-eight-month stint as “very satisfying.”

His departure was marked by a ceremonial tri-services guard of honour, symbolising the culmination of his efforts to bring synergy among the Army, Navy and Air Force. Lieutenant General N.S. Raja Subramani (Retd) will assume charge as the new CDS on Sunday, continuing the momentum of reforms initiated under Chauhan’s leadership.

Chauhan, who had earlier retired in May 2021 as a lieutenant general, returned to service in September 2022 as India’s second CDS, following the tragic death of General Bipin Rawat in a helicopter crash. 

Elevated to the rank of four-star General, he became the country’s senior-most military commander and played a pivotal role in shaping India’s defence preparedness in an evolving regional security environment.

During his tenure, he was instrumental in planning and implementing Operation Sindoor alongside the three service chiefs, an operation that underscored the importance of jointness and tri-service synergy. 

He also spearheaded measures to advance India’s Theaterisation model, aimed at restructuring the armed forces into integrated military commands for greater combat effectiveness. His emphasis on synergy was consistent with his belief that India’s military preparedness must remain of the highest order.

In his farewell remarks, Chauhan expressed gratitude to the three services and the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff for the honour of the guard of ceremony. He laid a wreath at the War Memorial for the last time in uniform, paying tribute to fallen soldiers, before being welcomed by friends, relatives and well-wishers. He described this moment as symbolic of his transition from uniformed service to civilian life.

Chauhan’s tenure was originally set to conclude on 30 September last year, but he was granted an extension. His career has been marked by significant operational and strategic contributions.

As Director General of Military Operations in February 2019, he provided key inputs during the Balakot air strikes, when Indian fighter jets targeted a Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorist training camp deep inside Pakistan. His operational acumen was widely acknowledged during this critical period.

Born on 18 May 1961, Chauhan was commissioned into the 11 Gorkha Rifles in 1981. An alumnus of the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla, and the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, he went on to hold several command and staff appointments.

His career included extensive experience in counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir and the Northeast. As a Major General, he commanded an Infantry Division in the sensitive Baramulla sector under Northern Command. Later, he led a corps in the Northeast before becoming General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command.

His distinguished service earned him numerous awards, including the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Uttam Yudh Seva Medal, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, Sena Medal and Vishisht Seva Medal. These honours reflect his exemplary contributions to India’s defence forces and his enduring legacy as a leader who strengthened tri-service integration and operational synergy.

General Chauhan’s exit marks the end of a significant chapter in India’s defence leadership, but his reforms and vision for Theaterisation will continue to shape the armed forces under his successor. His farewell was not only a ceremonial closure but also a testament to his lasting imprint on India’s military modernisation.

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General Anil Chauhan Chairs Final COSC Meeting As India Welcomes New CDS Raja Subramani

General Anil Chauhan chaired his final Chiefs of Staff Committee meeting on 25 May, marking the end of his tenure as India’s second Chief of Defence Staff.

His leadership, alongside Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi, was praised for advancing jointness, integration, and Theaterisation reforms, while Lieutenant General N.S. Raja Subramani has been appointed as his successor from 30 May.

General Anil Chauhan presided over the concluding meeting of the Chiefs of Staff Committee in New Delhi ahead of his retirement later this month. Serving as the second CDS since 30 September 2022, he held the role of Permanent Chairman of the COSC, a position central to India’s higher defence management. The Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff announced the meeting on X, noting that it also marked the final participation of Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi, Chief of Naval Staff, before his own superannuation.

The IDS statement highlighted the contributions of both leaders in strengthening jointness, integration, and operational synergy among the services. It emphasised their role in advancing the march towards Theaterisation, a reform aimed at restructuring India’s armed forces into integrated theatre commands for greater combat effectiveness. Their leadership was described as leaving a lasting imprint on the Defence Forces, with the IDS expressing deepest gratitude and best wishes to both distinguished officers.

General Chauhan’s tenure has been closely associated with efforts to deepen tri-service cooperation and to shape India’s unique theatre command model. He recently underscored that India’s Theaterisation framework would be tailored to its strategic realities, balancing continental challenges with maritime opportunities.

Unlike the U.S. or Chinese models, India’s approach envisages restructuring its 17 existing commands gradually rather than dissolving them outright, reflecting the country’s distinct security environment and operational needs.

The transition in leadership comes as the Centre has appointed Lieutenant General N.S. Raja Subramani as the new CDS. He will assume charge on 30 May, succeeding General Chauhan, and will also serve as Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Military Affairs.

The Ministry of Defence described him as a highly decorated officer with over four decades of distinguished service. Since September 2025, he has been serving as Military Adviser at the National Security Council Secretariat, following his tenure as Vice Chief of the Army Staff and General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Central Command.

Lt Gen Subramani’s military journey began at the National Defence Academy, and he was commissioned into the Garhwal Rifles in December 1985. His career has spanned diverse operational environments, including key commands along the Western and Northern fronts.

He has also represented India abroad as Defence Attaché at the Embassy of India in Astana, Kazakhstan. His academic credentials include a Master of Arts degree from King’s College London and an M.Phil in Defence Studies from Madras University. He further honed his strategic expertise at the Joint Services Command Staff College in Bracknell, United Kingdom, and the National Defence College in New Delhi.

The concluding COSC meeting thus symbolised not only the end of General Chauhan’s tenure but also a moment of continuity and transition in India’s defence leadership. His contributions to jointness and Theaterisation reforms will remain a cornerstone of his legacy, while Lt Gen Subramani’s appointment signals the next phase in India’s military modernisation and strategic transformation.

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CDS Gen. Anil Chauhan: Future Wars Will Be Multi‑Domain — Cyber and Cognitive Fronts to Dominat

Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan has emphasised that future wars will be multi-domain, involving land, sea, air, cyberspace and cognitive warfare operating simultaneously.

He underlined that technology, speed and innovation will be decisive factors in determining the success of military operations.

Speaking at the inauguration of a defence manufacturing unit in Maharashtra’s Ahilyanagar district, he noted that warfare is undergoing rapid transformation, moving away from manpower and conventional weapons towards AI, drones, robotics, cyber systems, autonomous platforms, space technologies, precision strike weapons and information dominance.

General Chauhan explained that battlefields will no longer be confined to geographical space but will extend into information networks, digital ecosystems and cyber infrastructure. He stressed that national security now depends not only on the courage of soldiers, sailors and air warriors but also on the strength of the technological ecosystem, industrial capability, manufacturing base and innovation capacity.

Countries that innovate quickly, accelerate production and adapt their armed forces rapidly will gain a strategic edge.

He highlighted that even the most capable military force requires a strong industrial base, making self-reliance in defence not just an economic goal but a strategic necessity. India’s domestic defence production has reached nearly ₹1.27 lakh crore, while exports have climbed to a record ₹38,000 crore, with items being supplied to over 100 countries.

The newly inaugurated NIBE Group facility in Shirdi will manufacture artillery bombshells, specifically five lakh 155 mm shells, which will significantly boost India’s self-reliance in critical defence capabilities.

General Chauhan remarked that Shirdi, traditionally known for faith and spirituality, will now also be recognised as a hub for defence manufacturing, industrial growth, technological innovation and national security. He described the facility as part of the national mission to achieve self-reliance in defence, reflecting growing industrial confidence.

Defence Research and Development Organisation chairman Satish Kamat added that the ability to produce weapons and ammunition during ongoing conflicts is vital, and facilities like this will play a crucial role in ensuring India’s preparedness. He reiterated that the plant will contribute substantially to making the country ‘Atmanirbhar’ in a critical area of defence production.

This development reflects India’s broader push to strengthen its defence ecosystem, combining industrial growth with technological innovation to meet the demands of modern warfare.

It also signals the country’s determination to position itself as a global supplier of defence equipment while ensuring strategic autonomy in critical capabilities.

PTI

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China-Pakistan Hybrid Tactics Target India’s Defence Chief Amid Shifting Global Security Landscape

Modern warfare increasingly begins not with missiles or tanks but with digital intimidation, disinformation, and cyber intrusions, according to a report by Michael Arizanti of The Times of Israel.

The recent Doxxing of India’s newly appointed Chief of Defence Staff, Lt. Gen. N.S. Raja Subramani, highlights how China and Pakistan are adopting hybrid tactics that blend psychological pressure with information warfare.

His personal contact and location details were circulated online through accounts linked to coordinated Chinese and Pakistani influence networks, illustrating how individuals at the highest levels of military leadership are now being directly targeted.

Analysts such as Ruchi Wali have noted that this intimidation coincides with India’s hardening posture against China, making the timing significant.

The incident mirrors patterns long visible in the Middle East, where Israel has faced Iranian-linked cyber operations, propaganda campaigns, and covert intelligence actions alongside drone warfare and sabotage.

These hybrid methods blur the line between war and coercion, destabilising institutions without requiring open military confrontation. India’s experience now reflects this globalisation of hybrid warfare, where psychological exhaustion and strategic uncertainty are as important as battlefield victories.

China and Pakistan’s cooperation has steadily expanded beyond conventional military coordination into cyber capabilities and influence ecosystems. Indian agencies have repeatedly warned of coordinated operations targeting institutions during periods of heightened tension.

At the same time, India’s growing importance in the Indo-Pacific and Middle East balance has made it a prime target. New Delhi has deepened defence ties with Israel, the United States, and Europe, while maintaining communication with Gulf states and Iran. This balancing act has elevated India’s global role but also increased its vulnerability to hostile campaigns.

The significance of Lt. Gen. Raja Subramani’s appointment lies in both his office and his career. The Chief of Defence Staff position was created to integrate the Army, Navy, and Air Force and prepare India for interconnected threats across cyber, intelligence, space, and conventional domains.

Raja Subramani, commissioned into the Garhwal Rifles in the mid-1980s, has served in Kashmir, the northeast, and sectors facing China. His career spans nearly four decades, with senior roles involving both China and Pakistan.

He represents a generation of leadership shaped by battlefield experience and exposure to integrated warfare doctrines, reflecting India’s push to modernise its defence architecture for an era defined by cyber and technological competition. Targeting him digitally carries symbolic weight far beyond domestic politics.

The lessons from the Middle East and Ukraine are clear. Conflicts now unfold across multiple layers simultaneously: cyber sabotage, covert intelligence, drone warfare, propaganda, infrastructure disruption, and psychological operations.

The objective is often not immediate military victory but the erosion of public trust, pressure on leadership, and destabilisation of institutions. The Doxxing of India’s defence chief is therefore not an isolated incident but part of a broader transformation in global security.

Democracies must now defend not only borders but also institutions, information systems, and public resilience. In modern conflict, the first battlefield is digital.

The article also shifts to a related geopolitical development involving Maria Maalouf, a Lebanese journalist and political analyst living in exile in the United States. She recently met President Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago, describing the encounter as a strategic conversation rather than a ceremonial photo opportunity.

According to her account, Washington is moving away from managing crises in the Middle East toward forcing decisions. Trump’s statements, including his warning that the era of being “nice” is over, are seen as calibrated signals designed to shape geopolitical behaviour and market expectations.

On Lebanon, Trump expressed appreciation for the goodwill of the Lebanese people but tied it to conditions. He believes peace between Lebanon and Israel is achievable within his tenure, under the principle of one state, one army, one decision. Hezbollah is now treated as the central test of Lebanon’s sovereignty, with expectations of measurable change rather than gradualism.

On Iran, timelines have been compressed, with the message being to move quickly toward agreement or face escalating pressure. Diplomatic signals are deliberately timed to influence markets, reflecting diplomacy as leverage rather than conversation. On Iraq, Washington is retiring strategic ambiguity, focusing instead on reducing militia influence, restoring institutional credibility, and tying economic engagement to sovereignty.

Across Lebanon, Iran, and Iraq, the emerging pattern is binary choices: state or non-state, alignment or isolation, decision or consequence. Critics warn this clarity risks escalation, but proponents argue ambiguity has already produced instability.

Maria Maalouf’s account suggests the Middle East is entering a moment of decision, with shrinking margins for delay. This reflects a broader shift in U.S. policy from managing drift to ending it.

Together, these developments underscore the transformation of modern conflict. India’s experience with hybrid warfare and Washington’s recalibrated Middle East strategy both highlight how psychological pressure, digital intimidation, and binary geopolitical choices are reshaping the global security environment. The battlefield is no longer confined to territory; it is digital, psychological, and strategic.

Times of Israel

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Raja Subramani Appointed As CDS To Drive India’s Defence Transformation

Lieutenant General N S Raja Subramani’s appointment as India’s next Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) with effect from 30 May 2026 marks a defining moment in the evolution of India’s military leadership and strategic doctrine.

His elevation comes at a time when India faces complex challenges across the Western and Northern borders, while simultaneously navigating the rapid transformation of warfare through technology, cyber capabilities, aerospace systems and indigenous defence manufacturing.

The significance of his appointment lies not only in operational terms but also in its historic symbolism, as he will also serve as Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Military Affairs, consolidating his role at the apex of India’s defence establishment.

This appointment is historic for the Garhwal Rifles, one of the oldest and most decorated infantry regiments of the Indian Army, which for the first time in its 139-year history will produce a four-star officer at the pinnacle of India’s military hierarchy.

The regiment, carved out from the Gorkha regiments during the colonial era, has built a legacy of courage, sacrifice and battlefield distinction across wars and operations. The symbolism is further enriched when viewed against the legacy of the Gorkha Rifles, which produced legendary leaders such as Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, General Dalbir Singh Suhag and General Bipin Rawat, India’s first CDS.

Subramani’s rise therefore represents not merely an individual achievement but a continuation of a distinguished martial tradition that has shaped India’s military history.

Commissioned into the 8th Battalion of the Garhwal Rifles in 1985 after graduating from the National Defence Academy and the Indian Military Academy, Subramani’s career spans nearly four decades of service. He has held several prestigious command and staff appointments, earning a reputation as both an operationally astute and strategically thoughtful leader.

His career reflects extensive exposure to India’s most sensitive operational theatres, including key roles against Pakistan and China, where he developed a deep understanding of the military dynamics along the Western and Northern borders. He has also commanded multiple counterinsurgency operations in the Northeast, where leadership demands a rare blend of tactical firmness, intelligence coordination and political sensitivity.

As General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Central Command from March 2023 to June 2024, and later as Vice Chief of the Army Staff in 2025, Subramani played a crucial role in strengthening operational preparedness, force restructuring and inter-service coordination.

His experience at the highest levels of military planning has given him a nuanced perspective on future warfare and integrated military strategy. Importantly, he is not merely regarded as a battlefield commander but also as a strategic thinker.

An alumnus of the Joint Services Command and Staff College in the UK and the National Defence College in New Delhi, he combines operational experience with academic and doctrinal depth — qualities increasingly essential for modern military leadership.

Under his leadership, expectations will rise for stronger military reforms, integrated theatre commands, greater jointness among the three services and enhanced synergy between the armed forces, defence industry and technological innovation sectors.

His appointment is also expected to accelerate India’s push toward defence indigenisation and aerospace advancement. India is currently pursuing one of the world’s most ambitious military modernisation programmes, focused on indigenous fighter aircraft, drones, missile systems, electronic warfare capabilities, AI-enabled systems and defence manufacturing ecosystems under the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Subramani’s deep operational experience and strategic outlook place him in a unique position to shape the next phase of India’s defence transformation.

For India’s strategic and defence community, his elevation inspires confidence that policy deliberations, technological advancement and indigenous capability-building will gain renewed momentum. His leadership arrives at a moment when India seeks not only military preparedness but also strategic autonomy and technological superiority in an increasingly uncertain geopolitical environment.

The rise of Lieutenant General N.S. Raja Subramani to the nation’s highest military office is therefore more than a ceremonial transition.

It reflects continuity of military excellence, recognition of distinguished service and the emergence of a leadership vision rooted equally in operational credibility and future-oriented transformation.

As India strengthens its defence posture amid evolving regional and global challenges, the new CDS carries the weight of history, the trust of the armed forces and the responsibility of shaping the future of India’s military power.

Agencies

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India’s Strategic Shift: Building Sovereign Space Power For Defence

The transformation of India’s defence posture through space is now a defining feature of its strategic evolution. The traditional notion of the “high ground” has shifted from mountain ridges and coastlines into the exosphere, where orbital dominance will determine the outcome of future wars.

As General Anil Chauhan, Chief of Defence Staff, warned at the DefSpace Symposium 2026, India risks fighting blind if it fails to secure its interests in space. Conversely, mastery of this silent frontier will provide foresight and precision once thought to be science fiction.

This imperative is driving a profound reorganisation of India’s defence architecture, with the Armed Forces, the Defence Space Agency, and the Indian Space Association working in synergy to build a sovereign space power.

India’s space journey has long been defined by civilian applications such as tele‑education, disaster management, and resource mapping. While these remain vital, the geopolitical climate now demands a “Space‑First” defence posture.

The doctrine is shifting from merely “using space” to “operating in space.” Reliance on a few large satellites in Geostationary Orbit has become untenable, as these assets are vulnerable to direct‑ascent anti‑satellite missiles, co‑orbital interceptors, and high‑energy laser dazzling.

To counter this, India is pivoting towards proliferated Low Earth Orbit constellations composed of smaller, low‑cost satellites. This distributed architecture ensures redundancy, rapid replenishment, and resilience, preventing a strategic blackout even under hostile conditions.

Technological sovereignty cannot rest solely on ISRO or DRDO. It requires systemic integration of India’s private space ecosystem. Mission DefSpace has posed seventy‑five specific technological challenges to industry, ranging from signal intelligence and autonomous debris removal to persistent surveillance.

This marks a decisive shift in procurement, moving away from slow legacy processes towards the agility of non‑governmental entities and start‑ups. By harnessing private innovation, India is building a military‑industrial complex capable of matching the rapid pace of regional rivals.

A transformative frontier in this strategy is In‑Space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing. The traditional “launch‑and‑forget” model is giving way to technologies that extend satellite lifespans through in‑orbit refuelling and modular upgrades.

In conflict, the ability to repair sensors or reposition satellites without fresh launches is a game‑changer. ISAM also enables the construction of large orbital structures, such as high‑powered ISR platforms, which cannot be launched in a single rocket. This turns space into a dynamic, serviceable infrastructure rather than a static gallery of tools.

The vast data generated by these constellations requires real‑time processing to shorten the “sensor‑to‑shooter” loop. Integrating geospatial foundation models and artificial intelligence provides planet‑scale intelligence, automatically detecting troop movements, new airfields, or naval deployments across thousands of kilometres. Combined with the high revisit rates of LEO satellites, this replaces the fog of war with a transparent battlefield.

Securing orbital assets depends equally on the resilience of data links. Satellite communications are vulnerable to cyber‑attacks and jamming. India’s roadmap to 2047 envisions quantum‑secure, cyber‑hardened connectivity.

Quantum Key Distribution will ensure military commands and intelligence feeds remain un-hackable, even against quantum computing threats. This hardened nervous system will underpin the evolution of the Defence Space Agency into a tri‑service Space Command, integrating space effects into land, air, and sea operations.

Institutional evolution must be matched by fiscal and policy reform. The private sector’s role as an engine of defence innovation requires a predictable environment. ISpA has advocated granting “Critical Infrastructure” status to space assets, unlocking long‑term capital.

A fifty per cent government procurement mandate for domestic private players would provide stable demand, enabling start‑ups to scale globally.

Rationalising GST and introducing Production‑Linked Incentive schemes for satellite manufacturing are strategic measures that determine whether India builds its own shield or remains dependent on foreign vendors.

Strategic autonomy also hinges on Space Situational Awareness. With militarisation of space and the risk of Kessler Syndrome, India must track debris and adversarial inspector satellites manoeuvring near sensitive platforms. Indigenous SSA ensures India is not blindsided in its orbital backyard.

Sovereign Positioning, Navigation, and Timing is equally critical. While GPS is ubiquitous, India’s NavIC constellation provides secure, independent signals, ensuring missile guidance and troop navigation remain operational even if foreign systems are denied.

The future will see non‑state actors and smaller nations gaining access to orbital data. In this crowded environment, the edge will belong to nations that synthesise information fastest and act with precision. India’s Amrit Kaal vision for 2047 is to lead in sustainable and secure orbital practices, not merely participate.

Achieving this requires sustained increases in R&D investment, scaling beyond current modest levels to reflect the existential importance of space.

Strengthening India’s defence capabilities through space is thus a multidimensional project requiring the precision of researchers, the agility of entrepreneurs, and the foresight of generals. It marks a journey from “Space for Peace” to “Space for Strength.”

By fostering an indigenous ecosystem, integrating AI and quantum security, and evolving institutional commands, India is ensuring sovereignty in the heavens as on the ground. Space is no longer a distant horizon but the first line of defence, a shield, a sword, and an unblinking eye securing peace through undeniable strength.

Agencies

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Who Is Lieutenant General N S Raja Subramani Appointed As India’s Next Chief of Defence Staff

Lieutenant General NS Raja Subramani has been appointed as India’s next Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), succeeding General Anil Chauhan on 30 May 2026.

A highly decorated officer with over four decades of distinguished service, he will also serve as Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Military Affairs, bringing extensive operational, staff, and instructional experience to the role.

Lieutenant General Subramani was commissioned into the 8th Battalion of the Garhwal Rifles on 14 December 1985. Over the course of his career, he has commanded formations across diverse operational theatres.

He led the 16 Garhwal Rifles during counter-insurgency operations in Assam under Operation Rhino, commanded the 168 Infantry Brigade in Jammu & Kashmir, and later the 17 Mountain Division in the Central Sector facing China.

His career reached a pinnacle when he commanded II Corps, the Indian Army’s premier strike formation on the Western Front, underscoring his strategic acumen and operational expertise.

Beyond his command roles, he has held several key staff and instructional appointments. These include serving as Defence Attaché in Kazakhstan, Assistant Military Secretary in the Military Secretary’s Branch, Deputy Director General of Military Intelligence at Army Headquarters, Chief Instructor (Army) at the Defence Services Staff College in Wellington, and Chief of Staff at Northern Command. 

His tenure as Vice Chief of the Army Staff between July 2024 and July 2025, and as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Central Command from March 2023 to June 2024, further demonstrated his leadership in both operational and administrative capacities. Since September 2025, he has been serving as Military Adviser at the National Security Council Secretariat.

Academically, Lieutenant General Subramani is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy and the Indian Military Academy. He pursued advanced military education at the Joint Services Command and Staff College in Bracknell, United Kingdom, and the National Defence College in New Delhi.

He holds a Master of Arts degree from King’s College London and an MPhil in Defence Studies from Madras University, qualifications that have equipped him with a deep understanding of defence strategy and international military affairs.

Born on 21 July 1965 in Tamil Nadu, he is widely regarded as an expert on Pakistan and China, having gained extensive operational insight into both the western and northern borders.

His career reflects adaptability across terrains and conflict environments, with a reputation for balancing tactical precision with strategic foresight. He has also served as a Divisional Officer at the National Defence Academy, mentoring future generations of officers.

For his distinguished service, Lieutenant General Subramani has been awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, Sena Medal, and Vishisht Seva Medal. His appointment comes at a crucial juncture as India continues to advance theatre command integration, tri-service modernisation, and joint operational doctrines. His leadership is expected to play a pivotal role in driving institutional reforms while ensuring operational readiness across the armed forces.

The transition from General Anil Chauhan to Lieutenant General Subramani marks the third appointment to the CDS post since its creation, following General Bipin Rawat and General Chauhan. It signals continuity in India’s higher defence organisation while reinforcing the emphasis on jointness and integration among the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Agencies

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