India Joins Global Push To Build Non-China Critical Minerals Supply Chain

India, along with more than thirty countries, is working to establish an alternative supply chain for critical minerals used in electric vehicles, smartphones, and defence equipment.

This effort comes as governments seek to reduce their heavy dependence on China, particularly after Beijing tightened exports of key minerals.

According to officials, India is collaborating with between thirty and forty nations to create a new market and supply chain that can provide resilience and reduce import reliance on China.

India is currently in talks with Chile, Canada, Japan, Australia, and other partners to bring them on board for building a robust and resilient critical minerals supply chain.

This initiative is part of a wider global push to diversify sources of essential minerals. Recently, the Quad partners—India, Australia, Japan, and the United States—set an ambitious target to mobilise up to $20 billion in government and private-sector support.

The aim is to strengthen secure supply chains, reduce dependence on dominant suppliers, and reinforce regional industry.

Officials have noted that while India does possess reserves of critical minerals, these are largely allocated for specific projects, such as those undertaken by ISRO. For mass-market requirements, including smartphones and vehicles, Indian industry continues to import from China.

The biggest challenge lies in persuading Indian industry to source from alternative markets, given China’s strong competitive edge in exports. Pricing remains a major concern, with officials emphasising that the challenge is to match costs and convince industry to buy from India and partner countries.

India is positioning itself as a trusted partner in emerging mineral alliances. Officials have stressed that countries need confidence in India’s systems before they open up sensitive technologies. To strengthen its capabilities, Indian agencies are exploring partnerships with research institutions in Australia to gain expertise in mineral extraction and processing.

This collaboration is expected to enhance India’s technical know-how and support its long-term supply chain ambitions.

Critical minerals include copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, aluminium, manganese, silicon, silver, and rare earth elements. These resources are vital for national security as they underpin defence, aerospace, nuclear, and space applications.

They are also essential for advanced technologies and clean energy transitions, making them central to both economic growth and strategic resilience.

India’s participation in global alliances reflects its determination to secure these resources and reduce vulnerabilities in the face of shifting geopolitical and trade dynamics.

Agencies

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India And Chile Advance CEPA Talks, Strengthen Strategic Economic Partnership

India and Chile have reinforced their economic partnership through a high-level Business Roundtable chaired by Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal, with Chilean Foreign Minister Francisco Perez Mackenna and Vice-Minister Paula Estevez.

The talks centred on advancing negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and expanding collaboration across critical sectors such as minerals, clean energy, healthcare, and technology transfer.

The India-Chile Business Roundtable in New Delhi marked a significant step in strengthening trans-continental economic ties. Convened by Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal, the session brought together Chilean Foreign Affairs Minister Francisco Perez Mackenna, Vice-Minister of International Economic Relations Paula Estevez, and leading business representatives from both nations.

The discussions highlighted untapped synergies between the two economies and explored opportunities under the proposed CEPA, which is expected to deepen bilateral ties and unlock new growth avenues.

Minister Goyal shared details of the engagement on X, noting that the talks focused on critical minerals, food processing, healthcare, clean energy, technology transfer, and other emerging sectors. He emphasised that collaboration under CEPA would create new opportunities for businesses and people in both countries. The Chilean delegation’s visit, spanning from 9 to 15 May, was specifically designed to strengthen economic and commercial cooperation, underscoring the strategic importance of the partnership.

The Ministry of Commerce and Industry reported that both sides reaffirmed their commitment to expanding trade and investment, noting steady growth in bilateral relations. The talks highlighted strong complementarities between the two nations, particularly in the need for resilient supply chains and sustainable development.

The CEPA negotiations were identified as a primary focus, with both countries expressing determination to conclude the agreement at the earliest to unlock the full potential of their economic relationship.

Beyond ministerial-level discussions, Commerce Secretary held separate talks with Vice-Minister Paula Estevez to address trade facilitation, market access, and institutional economic engagement. These interactions aimed to strengthen the framework for bilateral cooperation and ensure smoother trade flows.

The Business Roundtable further operationalised these diplomatic goals by bringing together industry stakeholders to explore new avenues in infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, digital services, logistics, and advanced manufacturing.

The engagement also aligns with India’s broader trade strategy, as Commerce Minister Goyal has recently outlined ambitious plans to push exports towards the $1 trillion mark. India’s expanding network of free trade agreements now covers over two-thirds of global trade, and Chile is seen as a key partner in Latin America.

The CEPA with Chile is expected to enhance market access, reduce trade barriers, and boost investments, complementing India’s efforts to diversify supply chains amid global uncertainties.

India and Chile share longstanding relations rooted in mutual trust and democratic values. Their economic engagement has steadily grown, with Chile emerging as a vital partner in sectors such as minerals, renewable energy, agriculture, and services.

The current visit has reinforced momentum in bilateral ties, underscoring a shared vision for a future-oriented economic partnership that leverages complementarities and builds resilient frameworks for cooperation.

ANI

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BrahMos Goes Global: Ops Sindoor Combat-Tested Missile Draws New Buyers From Asia To Latin America

The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile stands out as a lethal, high-speed, precision stand-off weapon, deployable from ground, sea, or air platforms.

This two-stage missile ignites with a solid-fuel booster that detaches post-launch, handing over to a liquid-fuelled ramjet engine that hurtles it towards Mach 3 speeds. Its "fire and forget" guidance ensures autonomy after launch, while terrain-hugging flight paths, low radar cross-sections, and immense kinetic energy render interception exceedingly difficult.

India's Navy pioneered BrahMos induction in 2005 aboard INS Rajput, paving the way for Army regiments in 2007 and an air-launched variant for the Air Force's Sukhoi Su-30MKI in 2019. The missile's combat pedigree shone during the intense four-day India-Pakistan conflict in May 2025, where India fired 15-19 BrahMos units. None were intercepted, with strikes reportedly devastating key targets like Nur Khan Base in Rawalpindi.

Originally capped at 290 kilometres under Indo-Russian joint venture constraints, BrahMos has evolved dramatically. In 2023, the Indian Air Force tested an extended-range 450-kilometre version from a Su-30MKI. Trials for an 800-kilometre variant are advancing, bolstered by ongoing software and hardware upgrades that amplify reach and lethality.

These enhancements have turbocharged export interest, especially post its 2025 combat validation. In January 2021, India identified "friendly nations" such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and South Africa as prime candidates. The roster has shifted, with some fading and others accelerating amid regional tensions.

Southeast Asia emerges as a hotspot. The Philippines sealed a landmark deal last year, acquiring three coastal defence batteries for roughly $375 million—the first export combat success for BrahMos. Indonesia followed swiftly, securing a similar package less than a year after the Pakistan skirmish, eyeing archipelago defence against maritime threats.

Vietnam's pursuit intensifies, with talks evolving since 2023. Initial discussions floated a $625 million package for 3-5 batteries, but by early 2026, negotiations target a $700 million agreement blending shore-based and coastal systems. This aligns with Vietnam's military diversification drive, positioning it as the third confirmed buyer.

Malaysia sustains strong interest, particularly in the air-launched BrahMos-A for its Su-30MKM fleet. Reports from August 2025 highlighted preliminary Russia-India negotiations, fuelling hopes of a deal to reshape Malaysian airpower amid South China Sea frictions. Thailand flirted with acquisition earlier but appears to have cooled, with no fresh updates.

The Middle East beckons next. BrahMos Aerospace Co-Director Alexander Maksichev spotlighted the UAE in November 2024, reaffirming its status among eligible buyers. Emirati interest resurfaced in early 2025 Indian media, with potential for integrated defence suites. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, and Egypt have also signalled curiosity, drawn by BrahMos's precision in contested environments.

Latin America stirs too, with Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela expressing intrigue. Brazil's navy modernisation and Chile's Pacific-facing posture make them logical fits, while Venezuela eyes regional deterrence.

Indian Air Force Chief Air Marshal AP Singh hailed BrahMos as a "game-changer" for its pinpoint accuracy in 2025 operations, burnishing its global allure. As production ramps at BrahMos Aerospace's Nagpur facility—aiming for 100+ missiles annually—export revenues could hit $5 billion by decade's end, per analyst projections.

Challenges persist, including export-range caps (under 290 km for non-MTCR nations) and integration hurdles for diverse platforms. Yet, with hypersonic BrahMos-II trials slated for 2026-27 and modular upgrades, the missile's pipeline brims with promise.

This export momentum underscores India's Atmanirbhar Bharat push, blending Russian tech with indigenous prowess to arm allies against shared threats.

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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Rare Earth Fortification: Coal India Approves Chile Unit To Pursue Lithium, Copper Assets Amid India's Critical Minerals Push; Approves Over ₹6,300Cr Investments

Coal India board has approved the establishment of an intermediate holding company in Chile, marking a strategic move into critical minerals such as lithium and copper.

This decision aligns with advancing negotiations between India and Chile for a free trade agreement, which promises enhanced access to vital resources.

Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal recently indicated that these FTA talks are nearing completion. The pact will open doors for Indian businesses to secure supplies of minerals essential for electronics, automobiles, and solar energy sectors.

Chile boasts substantial reserves of lithium, copper, rhenium, molybdenum, and cobalt. These materials serve as key inputs for high-tech industries, underscoring the strategic importance of Coal India's expansion.

In a regulatory filing, Coal India confirmed it will retain 100 per cent equity in the proposed Chilean entity. The incorporation remains contingent on approvals from the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) and the Ministry of Coal.

This international foray represents Coal India's first major step beyond traditional coal operations into global critical minerals. It reflects India's broader push for supply chain security amid geopolitical tensions affecting mineral availability.

In parallel, the board sanctioned an equity infusion of ₹3,132.96 crore into a proposed energy joint venture with Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC). This investment contributes to a total indicative project cost of ₹20,886.40 crore, structured on a 70:30 debt-equity ratio.

The DVC joint venture aims to bolster energy infrastructure, leveraging Coal India's expertise in resource development. Officials noted that the funding will support project execution while maintaining fiscal prudence.

Additionally, the board approved ₹3,189.54 crore for its subsidiary, Bharat Coal Gasification and Chemicals Ltd (BCGCL). This capital will fund a coal-to-ammonium nitrate project, enhancing Coal India's diversification into chemicals.

The BCGCL investment covers Coal India's promoter stake in the joint venture. Ammonium nitrate, a critical industrial chemical, finds applications in mining, agriculture, and explosives, aligning with Coal India's operational synergies.

These approvals collectively exceed ₹6,300 crore in investments, signalling robust capital allocation. They underscore Coal India's transformation from a coal-centric firm to a multifaceted energy and minerals player.

The Chilean venture holds particular promise given Chile's dominance in lithium production, vital for electric vehicle batteries. India's domestic lithium needs are surging with its green energy ambitions.

Copper, another focus, remains indispensable for electrification and renewable infrastructure. Securing Chilean supplies could mitigate India's import dependencies from traditional sources.

Regulatory hurdles, including DIPAM and Ministry of Coal nods, must be navigated swiftly. Success here could pave the way for similar overseas expansions by other public sector undertakings.

The DVC infusion addresses India's power demands, where coal-based generation still predominates. The 70:30 ratio balances leverage with equity strength, appealing to investors.

BCGCL's coal gasification program advances India's coal utilisation technologies. Converting coal to ammonium nitrate promotes value addition and reduces raw export reliance.

These board decisions position Coal India as a forward-looking entity. With total investments surpassing ₹6,300 crore, the company eyes sustainable growth amid energy transitions.

As India-Chile FTA talks progress, Coal India's Chile arm could accelerate. This positions the Maharatna firm at the intersection of resources, trade, and national priorities.

Based On PTI Report

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India, Chile Review Progress of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement Trade Negotiations

Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal recently met with Claudia Sanhueza, Treasury Undersecretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chile, to review the progress of negotiations on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and Chile.

This marks an important step in enhancing bilateral trade relations.

Officials from India and Chile concluded the fourth round of CEPA talks on 5th December 2025. This round followed the signing of the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the CEPA on 8th May 2025, which represented a significant advancement in formalising and advancing trade discussions between the two nations.

The ToR signing was carried out by Juan Angulo, Ambassador of Chile in India, and Vimal Anand, Joint Secretary, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, who also serves as the Chief Negotiator for India in the CEPA negotiations. The agreed ToR set the foundation and framework for the subsequent detailed negotiations.

Both sides reiterated their dedication to strengthening their bilateral relations and expressed optimism for productive discussions in the upcoming rounds of talks, including the first round which took place from 26th to 30th May 2025 in New Delhi.

The proposed CEPA intends to expand the scope of the current Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between India and Chile. Unlike the PTA which focused primarily on tariff concessions, the CEPA aims to encompass a wider range of sectors such as digital services, investment promotion and co-operation, support for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), and critical minerals. This broader coverage seeks to deepen economic integration and foster greater co-operation.

India and Chile are regarded as strategic partners with warm and congenial relations that have been steadily strengthened through numerous high-level visits over the years. The two countries share common interests in expanding their economic and commercial ties.

The foundation of these economic ties was laid by the Framework Agreement on Economic Co-operation signed in January 2005, followed by a Preferential Trade Agreement in March 2006, which marked the beginning of formalised economic engagement. Since then, the bilateral commercial relationship has grown steadily.

An expanded version of the PTA was signed in September 2016 and came into effect on 16th May 2017. In April 2019, both countries agreed to further expand the PTA, leading to three negotiating rounds conducted between 2019 and 2021 to explore deepening the scope of trade cooperation.

To further enhance their economic engagement, India and Chile decided to pursue a CEPA aimed at unlocking the full potential of their trade and commercial relationship.

This includes objectives to boost employment, promote investment, support exports, and fortify co-operation across multiple sectors. These goals were outlined by the Joint Study Group established under the Framework Agreement.

The Joint Study Group’s report, which assessed the potential for a comprehensive trade agreement, was finalised and signed on 30th April 2024, paving the way for the current CEPA negotiations.

The commitment to expanding bilateral economic ties was reaffirmed during the recent state visit of the President of Chile, Gabriel Boric Font, to India between 1st and 5th April 2025. This visit was conducted at the invitation of the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and included discussions emphasising the importance of economic and commercial cooperation.

During the visit, leaders from both countries recognised trade and commerce as fundamental pillars of their bilateral relationship, underlining the need to strengthen and expand the existing trade framework to unlock fresh opportunities for growth.

In this context, the signing of the mutually agreed Terms of Reference and the official launch of CEPA negotiations were warmly welcomed as key milestones. Both sides envisage a balanced, ambitious, comprehensive, and mutually beneficial agreement that will facilitate deeper economic integration between India and Chile in the coming years.

Based On ANI Report

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From Manila To Middle East: BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile Gains Worldwide Momentum

India’s BrahMos missile system has witnessed a remarkable surge in foreign interest following the success of Operation Sindoor, marking a threefold increase in global inquiries, especially showcased at the Dubai Air Show 2025.

The military operation significantly enhanced the BrahMos missile’s reputation, with delegations from the Gulf, ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America actively seeking detailed briefings at the Dubai Air Show. This event has become a pivotal platform for BrahMos Aerospace to present the missile’s capabilities and versatility across land, sea, and air platforms.​

BrahMos Aerospace is reportedly nearing final negotiations on two government-to-government deals. Additionally, dialogues with three to four other countries for potential procurement are underway, reflecting the weapon system’s growing acceptance as a credible strategic deterrent.​

The success of Operation Sindoor, where BrahMos missiles reportedly destroyed multiple strategic targets, has not only enhanced India's military prestige but also reshaped regional security perceptions. 

Nations in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia—which is close to finalising a major deal worth up to $450 million—are looking to deploy BrahMos on multiple platforms. Gulf countries and Latin American nations are also expressing serious interest, attracted by India’s flexible technology transfer policies, competitive pricing, and political neutrality.​​

India leveraged the Dubai Air Show as a strategic venue to deepen defence ties, highlighted by Defence Minister Sanjay Seth’s inauguration of the BrahMos stall. The missile system was a major attraction, complemented by India’s show of indigenous defence technologies like the Tejas fighter.

The event underscored India’s transition from a major arms importer to an emerging exporter with a robust defence industrial base centred around technologies produced in hubs like Lucknow.​

List The Countries Most Likely To Finalise Brahmos Purchases Next

The countries most likely to finalise BrahMos missile purchases next are:

Vietnam – Close to finalising a $700 million deal, aimed at boosting its maritime and aerial defence amid regional tensions.​​

Indonesia – In advanced discussions for a deal valued around $450 million for the 290 km range missile; expected to be the next major buyer after the Philippines and Vietnam.​

United Arab Emirates (UAE) – Among the first Middle Eastern countries to express serious interest; discussions reportedly in advanced stages for procurement including the air-launched BrahMos-NG variant with a 300 km range.​

Saudi Arabia – Talks restarted post-pandemic and now reportedly back on track for potential deals, also interested in the BrahMos-NG air variant.​

Additionally, Malaysia is showing interest in the air-launched variant for integration with Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighters, and the Philippines is already a confirmed buyer with deliveries ongoing from a previous deal.​

Other nations exploring BrahMos acquisitions or in early enquiry phases include Thailand, Singapore, Brunei, Egypt, Qatar, Oman, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela, but these are less immediate compared to the confirmed and advanced prospects listed above.​

Vietnam, Indonesia, UAE, and Saudi Arabia are the frontrunners poised to seal BrahMos purchases imminently, with Malaysia and the Philippines also playing key roles in the regional export landscape.​

BrahMos Aerospace is offering multiple variants of the BrahMos missile to foreign buyers, tailored to diverse operational needs the variants are Land-Based, Air-Launched, Naval/Sea-Based and Extended Range Variants.

The ongoing and prospective deals could significantly boost India’s defence exports while enhancing geopolitical influence in key regions. The BrahMos missile’s demonstrated capability in Operation Sindoor has positioned it as an “uninterceptable” and game-changing weapon in global defence circles, poised to alter strategic balances, notably in Asia-Pacific and Gulf theatres.​​

The success of Operation Sindoor propelled BrahMos from a high-performance weapon to a sought-after missile system globally. The Dubai Air Show 2025 was instrumental in consolidating foreign interest into active negotiations and further expanding India’s footprint in international defence exports, signalling a major shift in global defence procurement dynamics towards India.​​

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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Why India Is Rushing To Seal New Trade Deals With Peru & Chile As Trump’s Tariffs Bite

India is moving swiftly to finalise new trade agreements with Latin American nations, notably Peru, Chile, and Mexico, as escalating U.S. tariffs strain its export-dependent sectors.

The recent tariff measures imposed by President Donald Trump’s administration have disrupted access to the American market, prompting New Delhi to recalibrate its trade strategy.

The focus is not just on offsetting immediate losses but on achieving deeper structural resilience against external economic pressures.

Negotiations with Peru and Chile have reached an advanced stage, with both sides aiming to close talks within months. These agreements are expected to cover goods, services, and investment flows, offering Indian exporters preferential access to high-value markets in South America.

For Peru, which supplies copper, zinc, and silver, India’s fast-growing industrial demand offers reciprocal benefits. In return, India seeks to expand its footprint in pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and textiles, which have shown considerable growth potential in the Andean region.

Chile remains a crucial partner due to its stable economy and rich reserves of lithium and copper — minerals that are vital for India’s green energy and battery manufacturing goals.

A renewed FTA with Chile, building on the 2017 Preferential Trade Agreement, could allow deeper tariff reductions on nearly 90 percent of traded goods. This would help India secure critical mineral supply chains and reduce its dependence on traditional partners such as China and Australia.

The inclusion of Mexico in the list of target nations underlines India’s broader strategic intent. Mexico’s industrial capacity and proximity to the U.S. market make it a natural node for Indian manufacturers seeking to hedge tariff risk.

By engaging Mexico, India aims to integrate more fully into North and Latin American value chains, which are being reshaped under new U.S. trade policies. Such partnerships also extend India’s geopolitical reach, creating south-south linkages that complement its growing role in the Global South.

Indian policymakers view Latin America as a long-term trade and investment frontier. The region’s combined GDP exceeds 5 trillion dollars, and its demand for affordable pharmaceuticals, processed food, and affordable engineering goods matches India’s export strengths.

Although logistics costs remain a challenge, the ongoing push to develop direct shipping routes and banking facilities is expected to lower trade friction over time.

In parallel, India is intensifying cooperation with CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) to forge a collective framework that supports diversified supply chains. The emphasis is on technology transfer, digital cooperation, and sustainable agriculture, areas where both sides can benefit from mutual expertise.

The government’s proactive outreach underlines its intent to ensure that India does not remain overexposed to Western markets or protectionist policy shocks.

Analysts believe that if the FTAs with Peru and Chile are signed by early 2026, they could together re-channel nearly 20 percent of exports that were originally bound for the United States.

This would not only stabilise India’s external trade balance but also reinforce its position as a reliable partner for the Latin American bloc. The policy signals a structural realignment of India’s trade diplomacy — from dependency to diversification — driven by both necessity and opportunity.

Based On MINT Video Report

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Chile Eyes Year-End Conclusion of CEPA Talks With India

Chile has expressed confidence that negotiations on the India–Chile Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) could reach conclusion by the end of 2025.

The development marks an important step in deepening trade ties between the two nations, building on nearly two decades of sustained economic engagement.

In an interview with ANI, Chile’s Ambassador to India, Juan Angulo, stated that both countries share strong values, mutual interests and a forward-looking vision for cooperation.

He underlined the significance of the CEPA in expanding opportunities across a wide range of sectors, reflecting the increasing convergence of economic priorities between Santiago and New Delhi.

Bilateral trade between the two countries stood at approximately USD 3.6 billion in the fiscal year 2024–25, driven primarily by India’s imports of copper, pulp, fruit, and wine, and Chile’s growing demand for Indian vehicles, pharmaceuticals, engineering goods and textiles.

Ambassador Angulo mentioned that the two sides aim to complete the ongoing negotiation rounds by the close of 2025. “The idea was to complete the rounds of negotiations by the end of the year — that was our ambition. We hope to achieve that, and if not, our good faith in the process remains intact,” he affirmed, expressing optimism regarding the negotiation track.

The third round of CEPA negotiations was conducted in Santiago from 27 to 30 October 2025. The discussions covered an extensive array of topics, including trade in goods and services, investment promotion, rules of origin, intellectual property rights, trade barriers, technical standards and critical minerals.

According to India’s Ministry of Commerce, this latest engagement represented one of the most comprehensive exchanges so far in the trade dialogue.

India and Chile began their trade pact journey with a Framework Agreement signed in 2005. This evolved into a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) a year later, which was subsequently expanded in 2016 to include a larger list of traded goods.

The CEPA now under discussion builds upon that foundation, aiming to broaden market access and foster investment collaborations across emerging domains such as technology, energy transition and sustainable mining.

Negotiations, which began with the first round in New Delhi in May 2025, have expanded across more than twenty thematic chapters. Ambassador Angulo noted that as discussions progress and chapters close, both sides are gaining greater clarity on the pace and scope of the final agreement. He emphasised that Chile and India are working towards a balanced and mutually beneficial outcome that strengthens both economies.

Highlighting Chile’s unique strengths as a producer, Angulo said his country is positioned to become a dependable partner in ensuring India’s food and energy security. Chile’s renowned agricultural output, including fruits, fish and wines, along with its reserves of lithium and copper, play vital roles in sectors critical to India’s supply chains, from battery manufacturing to clean energy.

“The scope for expanding trade is enormous. Chile can be one of the main providers of food security for India. We produce high-value, nutritious products that meet all sanitary standards — and we are eager to serve India’s growing and sophisticated market,” he observed, underscoring the complementarity between the two economies.

India’s Ministry of Commerce has also noted that India’s growing commercial engagement with Chile and Peru represents an integral part of New Delhi’s strategy to build stronger partnerships across Latin America.

This approach aligns with India’s wider vision of developing mutually beneficial, comprehensive and diversified economic cooperation frameworks that address emerging global priorities, including sustainable growth and secure supply chains.

Based On ANI Report

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India Secures Strategic Lithium Deals in Argentina's 'Lithium Triangle' During PM Modi's Historic Visit

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ground breaking bilateral visit to Argentina on July 5-6, 2025, marked a watershed moment in India's quest for critical mineral security, particularly lithium, as both nations deepened their strategic partnership across multiple sectors. This historic visit—the first by an Indian Prime Minister to Argentina in 57 years—has resulted in significant agreements that position India as a key player in Argentina's lithium-rich landscape within the globally significant "Lithium Triangle."

Strategic Lithium Partnerships Take Center Stage

During the high-level discussions between Prime Minister Modi and Argentine President Javier Milei, critical mineral cooperation emerged as a cornerstone of bilateral relations. MEA Secretary (East) P. Kumaran emphasized that "Argentina is a part of the lithium triangle. It is of great interest to us". The strategic importance of this partnership cannot be overstated, as Argentina holds approximately 22 million metric tons of lithium reserves, making it the world's second-largest holder of lithium resources after Bolivia, accounting for around 20-21% of global lithium reserves.

India's lithium engagement in Argentina has already gained substantial momentum through multiple public and private sector initiatives. Two major Indian public sector companies—Coal India Limited and Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL)—have signed five concession agreements and are working on finalizing investments to produce, refine, and export lithium minerals. These agreements represent India's first-ever lithium exploration and mining projects undertaken by government companies, marking a significant milestone in the country's critical mineral security strategy.

KABIL's Pioneering Lithium Operations

The most significant development in India's lithium strategy came through KABIL's landmark agreement with Argentina's state-owned enterprise CAMYEN (Catamarca Minera Y Energética Sociedad Del Estado) in January 2024. This agreement grants KABIL exploration and exploitation rights for five lithium brine blocks—Cortadera-I, Cortadera-VII, Cortadera-VIII, Cateo-2022-01810132, and Cortadera-VI—covering approximately 15,703 hectares in Argentina's Catamarca province. The project involves an investment of approximately 200 crores (US$24 million) and represents a strategic move to secure India's lithium supply chain for its ambitious clean energy transition.

KABIL commenced exploration activities at these lithium blocks on October 4, 2024, with geological mapping and sampling activities near Fiambalá in the Tinogasta department of Catamarca Province. The company has also established a branch office in Catamarca, demonstrating its long-term commitment to the region. This initiative is particularly significant as it provides India with technical and operational experience in brine-type lithium exploration, exploitation, and extraction—crucial expertise for India's domestic lithium development programs.

Private Sector Participation And Investment

Beyond government initiatives, Indian private sector companies have also made substantial investments in Argentina's lithium sector. Two notable companies—Greenco from India and World Metal Alloys, an Indian-owned company based in the UAE—have secured lithium concessions in Argentina. These private sector investments complement the government's strategic approach, creating a comprehensive framework for India's lithium security.

The involvement of private companies demonstrates the commercial viability and strategic importance of Argentina's lithium resources. Greenco has entered into a prospecting contract with CAMYEN for 8,000 hectares in the northern area of Antofagasta de la Sierra, while World Metal Alloys has secured collaboration and exploration rights for 7,500 hectares in the Campo Blanco area. These agreements collectively represent nearly one million hectares of lithium-rich salt flats under various forms of Indian control or partnership.

Coal India's Expanding Lithium Strategy

Coal India Limited, India's largest coal producer, has significantly expanded its lithium acquisition strategy in Argentina. The company has been actively exploring opportunities to acquire lithium brine assets and has even considered a 50:50 joint venture with Argentina's state-majority energy company YPF. This partnership would focus on exploring, mining, and commercially utilizing lithium resources, marking Coal India's strategic diversification from its traditional coal operations.

The company has invited expressions of interest from experienced consultants to conduct technical due diligence on lithium brine assets in Argentina, demonstrating its serious commitment to the sector. Coal India's involvement is particularly significant as it represents the second Indian public sector unit to enter Argentina's lithium sector, following KABIL's pioneering efforts.

The Lithium Triangle: Geographic And Strategic Significance

Argentina's position within the "Lithium Triangle"—a region encompassing Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile—makes it a crucial strategic partner for India's energy transition. This geographical region, located in the Andes Mountains, contains approximately 54-58% of the world's lithium reserves and is characterized by unique geological conditions that concentrate lithium in salt flats (salares). The triangle encompasses about 150 internal drainage basins covering approximately 400,000 square kilometers, with Argentina's lithium resources primarily concentrated in the provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, and Salta.

The strategic importance of the Lithium Triangle has been recognized globally, with lithium often referred to as "white gold" due to its critical role in battery technology for electric vehicles, mobile phones, laptops, and renewable energy storage systems. Argentina's lithium production is projected to increase dramatically, with the country expecting to produce 130,800 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent in 2025—a 75% increase from 2024.

Energy Security And Industrial Cooperation

The lithium agreements are part of a broader energy cooperation framework between India and Argentina. During the bilateral discussions, Prime Minister Modi emphasized India's growing energy and industrial needs, highlighting Argentina's potential as a "reliable partner" in supporting India's developmental journey. Argentina's energy profile is particularly attractive to India, as the country holds the world's second-largest shale gas reserves and fourth-largest shale oil reserves, alongside substantial conventional oil and gas deposits.

The energy cooperation extends beyond lithium to include potential partnerships in liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects. Argentina is developing the Argentina LNG project to explore the untapped Vaca Muerta shale formation, with plans to boost LNG exports to 30 million tons per year by 2030. This presents significant opportunities for India to diversify its energy supply sources and reduce dependence on traditional suppliers.

Bilateral Trade And Economic Partnership

The lithium deals are embedded within a broader framework of expanding bilateral trade relations. India-Argentina bilateral trade reached USD 5.23 billion in 2024, representing a 33% increase from the previous year, making India Argentina's fifth-largest trading partner. The trade relationship has shown remarkable resilience, with trade in the first quadrimester of 2025 registering an impressive 53.9% growth, valued at USD 2.055 billion.

Argentina serves as one of India's primary suppliers of vegetable oils, particularly soybean and sunflower oil, while India exports petroleum products, agrochemicals, textiles, organic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to Argentina. The lithium partnership is expected to significantly enhance this trade relationship, creating new opportunities for technological cooperation and industrial development.

Regulatory And Investment Framework

The success of India's lithium ventures in Argentina is facilitated by favourable regulatory frameworks and investment incentives. Argentina introduced the "Régimen de Incentivo para Grandes Inversiones (RIGI)" in 2024, providing significant incentives for large-scale investments exceeding USD 200 million. This regime offers benefits including VAT and income tax advantages, exemptions from import and export duties, fiscal stability, and free availability of foreign currency.

The regulatory environment is particularly conducive to foreign investment, with no restrictions on foreign ownership of companies engaged in mineral exploration and extraction. This policy framework has attracted significant international investment in Argentina's lithium sector, with the country becoming increasingly important in global lithium supply chains.

Environmental And Social Considerations

The lithium extraction projects in Argentina operate within a complex environmental and social context. The salt flats where lithium is extracted are also critical ecosystems that support local communities and wildlife. Indian companies, particularly KABIL, have committed to operating according to international responsible mining standards, including IRMA guidelines, which encompass environmental, social, and governance aspects.

The projects face scrutiny from local communities and environmental groups concerned about water usage and ecosystem impact. However, companies like Sales de Jujuy have demonstrated positive engagement with local communities, with 65% of employees coming from indigenous communities and providing above-average salaries and community benefits.

Conclusion

Prime Minister Modi's historic visit to Argentina has successfully established India as a major stakeholder in the global lithium supply chain through strategic partnerships in the Lithium Triangle. The comprehensive agreements involving both public and private sector entities, combined with broader energy cooperation frameworks, demonstrate India's commitment to securing critical mineral resources for its clean energy transition. These partnerships not only enhance India's energy security but also strengthen diplomatic ties with a key South American partner, positioning both nations for sustainable economic growth in the emerging clean energy economy.

The lithium deals represent a paradigm shift in India's approach to resource security, moving from import dependence to strategic partnerships that ensure long-term supply stability. As both nations continue to implement these agreements, the India-Argentina lithium partnership is poised to become a model for South-South cooperation in the critical minerals sector, contributing to global efforts to accelerate the clean energy transition while ensuring equitable and sustainable development.

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Chile President Asks PM Modi Meaning of Ashok Chakra In The Indian National Flag; PM Give An Explanation

Prime Minister Narendra Modi explained the meaning of the Ashoka Chakra to Chile's President Gabriel Boric Font during their meeting at Hyderabad House in New Delhi on April 1, 2025.

As they were walking to the discussion room, Font paused near the Indian flag and inquired about the Chakra, prompting Modi to provide a detailed explanation.

The Ashoka Chakra, located at the centre of India's national flag, is a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes. It represents the Dharma Chakra or "wheel of law" from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka, a 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor. The Chakra symbolises the concept that life thrives through movement and progress, while stagnation leads to death.

Modi and Font held wide-ranging discussions during their meeting, covering topics such as trade, science and technology, critical minerals, health, agriculture, climate change, and people-to-people ties. They also welcomed the launch of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) negotiations to further strengthen India-Chile relations.

President Boric's visit to India, scheduled from April 1-5, 2025, aims to enhance economic, political, and cultural ties between the two nations. He is accompanied by a high-level delegation including ministers, parliamentarians, senior officials, business leaders, media representatives, and cultural figures involved in India-Chile exchanges.

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Chile President Gabriel Boric Discusses Expanding Ties With India

President Gabriel Boric of Chile, during his state visit to India, reiterated expanding bilateral ties and exploring untapped opportunities between the two nations.

In a joint press conference with Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Hyderabad House, Boric highlighted areas of potential cooperation such as trade, investment, and addressing global challenges like climate change and sustainability. He noted India's growing role as Chile's seventh-largest trading partner, underscoring the importance of strengthening economic relations.

Boric expressed gratitude for the invitation extended during the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro and reflected on the seven-decade-long relationship between India and Chile. He is the third Chilean president to visit India in 16 years.

Discussions included critical minerals like lithium and copper, which are vital for global sustainability efforts, as well as health, technology, and innovation partnerships.

Furthermore, Boric highlighted cultural collaborations, including Chile's "Shoot In Chile" program aimed at attracting India's Bollywood industry. He emphasised that bilateral relations should extend beyond commerce to cultural and spiritual connections, recognizing India's rich civilizational heritage as a source of inspiration.

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PM Modi Discusses Partnership With Chile On Critical Minerals

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during a joint press conference with Chilean President Gabriel Boric Font at Hyderabad House, emphasized the strengthening of bilateral relations between India and Chile. 

He announced that both nations would begin discussions on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) aimed at fostering mutual benefits. A key focus of this partnership will be on critical minerals, particularly establishing resilient supply and value chains for these resources.

Chile, known for its abundant reserves of lithium and copper, holds strategic importance for India’s green energy initiatives, including the production of electric vehicle batteries.

This collaboration aligns with India's critical minerals strategy, which aims to diversify sources and secure sustainable supplies for technological and economic growth. PM Modi highlighted India's readiness to share expertise in areas such as digital public infrastructure, renewable energy, railways, and space technology with Chile.

Additionally, a Letter of Intent was signed to enhance cooperation regarding Antarctica, recognizing Chile's geographic proximity as a gateway to the continent. PM Modi also acknowledged Chile's adoption of yoga as a lifestyle practice, with November 4 being declared National Yoga Day in Chile. Discussions extended to traditional medicine and Ayurveda, reflecting the growing cultural and health ties between the two countries.

The leaders also explored untapped potential in trade and investment, particularly in agriculture, where collaboration could ensure food security. PM Modi reiterated India’s commitment to sharing its positive experiences across various sectors to deepen ties with Chile further.

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PM Modi Stresses Cooperation To Counter Terrorism And Organised Crime In Bilateral Talks With Chile

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chilean President Gabriel Boric Font held a joint press conference in New Delhi, emphasising enhanced cooperation between India and Chile to tackle global challenges such as terrorism, organised crime, and drug trafficking.

PM Modi highlighted the importance of reforms in international institutions like the United Nations Security Council to address global challenges effectively. Both leaders agreed to strengthen defence industrial manufacturing and supply chains tailored to each country’s needs.

PM Modi also noted the cultural and natural similarities between the two nations, drawing parallels between India’s Himalayas and Indian Ocean with Chile’s Andes Mountains and Pacific Ocean. He emphasized the growing influence of Indian films in Chile as an example of cultural exchange and announced a new cultural exchange program.

Discussions also included simplifying visa processes and increasing student exchange programs to foster closer ties. On the global front, both leaders underscored the need for dialogue to resolve disputes and reaffirmed their commitment to global peace and stability. The visit marks a significant step in deepening bilateral relations between India and Chile.

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Chilean President Boric Meets EAM Jaishankar

Chilean President Gabriel Boric Font began his five-day state visit to India on April 1, 2025, at the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. This marks his first visit to India as president and aims to strengthen bilateral relations across economic, political, and cultural domains. Upon arrival in New Delhi, Boric received a ceremonial welcome and a Guard of Honour and was warmly received by Union Minister of State Pabitra Margherita.

Boric met External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar and discussed enhancing cooperation between India and Chile. Jaishankar expressed confidence that Boric's talks with PM Modi would foster new partnerships. Later, Boric held discussions with PM Modi at Hyderabad House, focusing on strengthening ties in economic, commerce, and societal sectors. President Droupadi Murmu will host a banquet in his honor.

Boric paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at Raj Ghat, reflecting on shared values of peace and non-violence between India and Chile.

Accompanied by a high-level delegation including ministers, parliamentarians, business leaders, and cultural representatives, Boric emphasised areas of mutual interest such as agribusiness, innovation, creative industries, and technology. His itinerary includes visits to Agra, Mumbai, and Bengaluru for engagements with political leaders, startups, and business representatives.

India and Chile share historically strong diplomatic ties. Chile was the only Latin American country to send a special envoy to India's Independence Day celebrations in 1947. Both nations collaborate closely on multilateral issues such as UNSC reforms, climate change, renewable energy, and counterterrorism. Chile has supported India's bid for a permanent UNSC seat since 2003.

This visit underscores the commitment of both nations to deepen cooperation in trade diversification, investment collaboration, technological innovation, and cultural exchange.

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Chilean President Gabriel Boric To Visit India, Focus On Trade And Investment

Chilean President Gabriel Boric Font is set to make a significant state visit to India from March 30 to April 6, 2025, marking the first visit by a Chilean head of state in 16 years. This visit aims to bolster political and economic relations between Chile and India, focusing on trade diversification and investment collaboration with India, the world's fifth-largest economy.

The delegation accompanying President Boric will include key government officials, parliamentarians, and representatives from various sectors including business, education, culture, and agribusiness. Notable ministers in the delegation will be Foreign Affairs Minister Alberto van Klaveren, Finance Minister Mario Marcel, Agriculture Minister Esteban Valenzuela, Mining Minister Aurora Williams, Women and Gender Equality Minister Antonia Orellana, and Culture Minister Carolina Arredondo. Additionally, undersecretaries of International Economic Relations and Economy will also participate.

The visit will take place across major Indian cities: New Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore. In New Delhi, President Boric is scheduled to meet with Indian leaders such as Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Droupadi Murmu on April 1. A key component of this leg will be a business forum aimed at exploring new trade opportunities and promoting Chile as a strategic trade partner.

In Mumbai, President Boric will engage in high-level meetings with executives from the Agri-food sector and participate in the "Shoot in Chile" initiative to promote Chile as an attractive location for international film productions. The final segment of his visit will occur in Bangalore during the Innovation Summit on April 4, where discussions will focus on technology and innovation partnerships between Chilean and Indian enterprises.

This visit underscores a commitment to enhancing bilateral ties through strategic economic cooperation and cultural exchange, reflecting both nations' aspirations for deeper collaboration in various sectors.

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