Strategic Evolution of India's Directed Energy Program: From Tactical Counter-UAS To High-Power Laser Anti-Satellite Capabilities

The shifting paradigm of contemporary warfare, characterised by weaponised low-cost unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and the militarisation of space, has forced a critical evaluation of traditional kinetic defence mechanisms.

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), primarily through its apex facility, the Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS), has systematically pivoted toward indigenous Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs).

This analysis evaluates India's laser architecture, examining the technical progression from tactical 10-kilowatt (kW) and 30-kW systems to the strategic, multi-hundred kilowatt Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array (DURGA-II) project. Particular attention is devoted to the operational realities, structural constraints, and clean-kill potential of leveraging pulse lasers as Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons within India’s broader national security framework.

The operational vulnerability of space-based assets and the emergence of swarm drone manoeuvres have exposed severe economic and tactical limitations within traditional kinetic air-and-space defence frameworks. Throwing multi-million dollar surface-to-air missiles at low-cost commercial drones creates a severe cost-asymmetry that is financially unsustainable in prolonged conflicts.

Furthermore, the strategic landscape altered dramatically following India's landmark Mission Shakti in 2019, which validated a kinetic hit-to-kill ASAT capability. While highly successful as a technological deterrent, kinetic interception inherently creates thousands of high-velocity orbital trackable fragments, introducing the risk of the Kessler syndrome—a cascading cycle of satellite collisions rendering specific low-Earth orbits (LEO) unusable.

To mitigate international diplomatic blowback and safeguard the global space commons, the Indian Ministry of Defence’s official Technology Perspective & Capability Roadmaps (TPCR) explicitly prioritised DEWs alongside ASAT applications.

Directed energy systems present a revolutionary paradigm shift: near-zero cost-per-shot logistics, instantaneous speed-of-light engagement, and the critical ability to execute "clean" or "soft" kills against orbital and aerial platforms. By shifting the defence mechanism from kinetic impactors to focused photon absorption, India aims to develop an adaptable, escalatory deterrent capable of blinding or neutralising space-based assets without generating catastrophic orbital debris.

India’s laser deployment strategy operates along a distinct, two-phased maturation curve, balancing immediate tactical air defence requirements against future space warfare targets.

The developmental baseline transitioned into operational validation with a highly successful field demonstration of the land-based, vehicle-mounted Laser Directed Weapon MK-II(A) at the Kurnool National Open Air Range. Executed under the engineering direction of CHESS, this 30-kW class weapon achieved high-precision structural damage on fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles and intercepted simulated swarm drone formations.

The weapon employs an integrated suite of high-resolution radar and electro-optic (EO) tracking systems to continuously calculate threat vectors. Upon target acquisition, the focused beam deposits immense thermal energy on the target's exterior skin, inducing structural failure or immediately destroying internal guidance sensors.

Concurrently, the Indian Air Force has initiated procurement pathways for 10-kW variants of the MK-II(A) system, designed primarily for base defence to eliminate low-altitude reconnaissance threats up to a 2-kilometre engagement envelope.

To transition laser technology from local air defence to a viable strategic weapon, DRDO launched Project DURGA-II (Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array). Aimed initially at a 100-kW lightweight configuration, the project is designed to expand the engagement envelope to intercept faster, harder targets, including incoming cruise missiles, artillery shells, and ballistic re-entry vehicles.

However, the ultimate iteration of the DURGA architecture aims for a 300-kW class output. This power level represents the critical threshold required to burn through reinforced military casings at longer ranges, serving as the technological stepping stone for ground-based satellite neutralisers.

Unlike continuous-wave (CW) lasers, which deliver a steady stream of thermal energy like a blowtorch, anti-satellite weapon systems prefer high-power pulse lasers. The unique challenges of space-to-ground engagement make pulse technology essential.

Atmospheric distortion is the primary barrier for any ground-to-space laser. When a high-energy laser travels through the atmosphere, it heats the air molecules along its path. This creates a localized drop in air density that acts like a dispersing lens, spreading out the beam—a physical phenomenon known as thermal blooming.

Pulse lasers bypass this limitation by compressing massive amounts of energy into gigawatt- or terawatt-level bursts lasting only nanoseconds. The pulse passes through the air faster than the atmosphere can physically react or heat up, delivering a highly concentrated burst of photons directly onto the orbital target.

When this pulse hits a satellite traveling in low-Earth orbit, it causes rapid thermal expansion on the target's outer surface. This sudden expansion creates an explosive mechanical shockwave within the material, shattering interior electronics, cracking solar arrays, and rupturing fuel lines without needing to melt the entire chassis.

When deployed against assets in LEO, a pulse laser weapon operates across two distinct, scalable mission profiles depending on strategic needs. The most immediate operational capability of a long-range pulse laser is optical degradation. Satellites rely on sensitive focal plane arrays and electro-optical sensors to gather intelligence.

By directing a low-to-medium power pulse laser at an overflying reconnaissance satellite, a ground station can flood its sensors with photons. This "dazzles" the satellite, temporarily whiting out its surveillance cameras as it passes over sensitive territory.

If the laser intensity is dialled up slightly, it crosses the threshold into permanent blinding. The focused energy burns out the satellite's charge-coupled devices (CCDs) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, permanently disabling its spy capabilities while leaving the physical satellite body intact.

At maximum power settings, a ground-based or high-altitude pulse laser can attempt a hard kill. Achieving a hard kill through hundreds of kilometres of atmosphere requires advanced adaptive optics—mirrors that constantly alter their shape thousands of times per second to cancel out atmospheric turbulence in real-time.

Once the beam is stabilized, the laser targets vulnerable points on the satellite, such as the delicate attitude control thrusters or the communication antennas. By damaging these specific components, the laser renders the satellite unguided and unresponsive, effectively neutralising the asset while ensuring it naturally deorbits over time due to atmospheric drag.

Despite successful field tests of the 30-kW systems, scaling up to an operational laser ASAT weapon presents immense engineering hurdles that DRDO must solve over the coming decade.

Power Supply and Storage: A laser capable of reaching LEO requires megawatt-level energy inputs. Tactical systems can rely on vehicle engines or compact generators, but a strategic system needs massive capacitor banks or dedicated electrical grids to store and release enormous amounts of electricity instantly.

Thermal Management: Solid-state and fibre lasers are highly inefficient, converting only about 30% to 40% of their electrical input into light energy. The remaining 60%+ is lost as waste heat. Without advanced liquid cooling systems to safely dissipate this heat, the laser will warp its own internal optics or suffer immediate thermal shutdown.

Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) Constraints: As power requirements scale up, the size of the laser systems grows rapidly. DRDO faces the difficult task of ruggedizing these fragile, complex optical systems so they can operate reliably in mobile field environments rather than pristine laboratory settings.

Integrating National Defence Networks: For effective space operations, these laser systems cannot operate in isolation. They must be seamlessly integrated into India’s upcoming Mission Sudarshan Chakra, a national air defence network designed to link thousands of radar installations, tracking satellites, and weapon systems into a unified command structure.

Conclusion

India’s development of Directed Energy Weapons, led by DRDO’s CHESS facility, marks a major step forward in its national defence strategy. By validating tactical vehicle-mounted systems, India has laid the foundation for a scalable laser architecture.

While current deployments focus on the immediate threat of low-altitude drones and tactical surveillance sensors, the long-term goal remains clear: scaling these technologies into high-power pulse lasers for space defence.

If India successfully overcomes the challenges of power storage, thermal cooling, and adaptive optics, its laser program will provide a clean, precise, and debris-free alternative to traditional kinetic weapons, securing its status as a leading power in modern space security.

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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Hijacker Satellites: US, Russia and China Develop Spacecraft To Capture Rival Assets; India's Perspective

The concept of hijacker or snatcher satellites has become a subject of growing attention in the field of space security and military technology. At least three major powers—the United States, Russia, and China—are known to be developing different types of such spacecraft.

These satellites are designed to physically capture another satellite in orbit, a capability that raises both strategic opportunities and significant concerns about the militarisation of space.

Hijacker satellites are broadly categorised into three types, each employing a distinct method of capture. The first are towing satellites, which use a towing cable to latch onto and drag another satellite. This approach allows the hijacker to reposition or remove the target from its operational orbit, effectively neutralising its utility.

The second type are grabber satellites, which employ robotic arms to seize and manipulate another spacecraft. This method provides precision control and can be used not only to disable but also to inspect or repurpose the captured satellite. The third category are catcher satellites, which deploy capture nets to ensnare their targets. This technique is less precise but can be effective against satellites that are difficult to grapple with using mechanical arms or cables.

The development of these technologies by the United States, Russia, and China reflects their broader ambitions in space dominance and counter-space operations. Each country has invested in different approaches, likely influenced by their existing technological strengths and strategic doctrines.

The United States has long explored robotic servicing technologies, which can be adapted for military use. Russia has historically experimented with co-orbital systems, and China has demonstrated rapid advances in satellite manoeuvrability and proximity operations. Together, these efforts point to a future where hijacker satellites could play a role in both defensive and offensive space strategies.

The existence of such systems also raises profound questions about international norms and the security of space assets. Satellites are critical for communications, navigation, surveillance, and missile warning systems.

The ability to physically capture or disable them introduces a new dimension to space warfare, one that goes beyond electronic jamming or cyber interference. It underscores the urgent need for global dialogue on rules of engagement in space, as the deployment of hijacker satellites could destabilise the delicate balance of deterrence among major powers.

India's Hijacker Satellites Perspective: Deterrence Or Diplomatic Risk?

India’s perspective on the development of hijacker satellites by the United States, Russia, and China is shaped by its broader strategic outlook on space security and deterrence. New Delhi has traditionally emphasised the peaceful use of outer space, but it is also acutely aware of the growing militarisation of this domain.

The demonstration of anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities in 2019 under Mission Shakti signalled India’s resolve to protect its space assets, while simultaneously highlighting the need to keep pace with evolving technologies that could threaten national security.

Whether India should develop hijacker satellite capabilities is a question that sits at the intersection of deterrence, technological ambition, and strategic necessity. On one hand, such systems could provide India with the ability to neutralise hostile satellites in times of conflict, thereby safeguarding its communications, surveillance, and navigation networks.

The benefits would include enhanced deterrence against adversaries, the ability to counter space-based intelligence gathering, and a stronger position in the emerging domain of counter-space operations. These capabilities could also serve dual-use purposes, such as satellite servicing, debris removal, and orbital management, which would bolster India’s reputation as a responsible space power.

On the other hand, there are risks associated with pursuing hijacker satellite technology. Developing such systems could be perceived as escalatory, potentially triggering an arms race in space. India has consistently advocated for international norms and regulations to prevent the weaponisation of outer space, and overt pursuit of hijacker satellites might appear contradictory to that stance.

Moreover, the costs of developing and deploying such advanced systems are significant, and India must balance these against other pressing defence and developmental priorities.

The question of whether India should “keep up with the Joneses” in this field is therefore nuanced. Strategically, India cannot afford to ignore the advances being made by other major powers, especially given its security environment and reliance on space assets.

However, rather than blindly replicating the approaches of the United States, Russia, or China, India could focus on selective capability development—investing in technologies that provide deterrence and resilience without undermining its commitment to responsible space conduct.

This might include enhancing proximity operations, robotic servicing, and defensive measures to protect its satellites, while keeping hijacker capabilities as a latent option should the strategic environment demand it.

In essence, India’s path forward lies in balancing deterrence with diplomacy. Developing technological capabilities that ensure security and resilience is important, but doing so in a manner consistent with its long-standing advocacy for the peaceful use of space will help India maintain credibility on the global stage while safeguarding its national interests.

Agencies

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India Strengthens Orbital Surveillance With Space Tracking Radar In Northeast And Telescope In Ladakh

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is expanding its network of facilities to track space objects in Earth’s orbit, with plans to establish a phased array radar in the north-eastern region of India and an optical telescope at Hanle in Ladakh.

These developments are part of a broader effort to enhance India’s Space Situational Awareness (SSA) capabilities at a time when Low Earth Orbit (LEO), ranging between 500 and 1,000 kilometres above Earth, is becoming increasingly congested with satellites and debris, raising the risk of accidental collisions.

Currently, ISRO operates the Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. This L-Band Active Phased Array Radar is capable of tracking multiple objects simultaneously.

It can monitor objects with a radar cross section of 0.25 square metres at distances of up to 1000 kilometres. The MOTR plays a crucial role in tracking Indian rocket bodies and satellites, ensuring operational safety in orbit.

The upcoming radar in the Northeast is being indigenously developed, with its design and review completed by a national-level expert committee in 2025. Alongside this, the optical telescope at Hanle is being installed in the high-altitude cold desert region of Ladakh, chosen for its clear skies and minimal atmospheric interference. Optical telescopes, unlike radars, can only operate at night and rely on detecting sunlight reflected off satellites and other space objects.

ISRO also highlighted the refurbishment of the Baker Nunn Schmidt Telescope (BNST) at Nainital, in collaboration with ARIES. Once operational, this telescope will further strengthen India’s ability to track space objects. Together, these facilities will provide a complementary mix of radar and optical systems, essential for comprehensive SSA.

Radars, which use radio waves and their reflections to estimate the position of objects, have the advantage of functioning both day and night. Optical telescopes, however, are limited to night-time operations but are invaluable in detecting objects at higher altitudes.

By combining these technologies across multiple locations, ISRO aims to build a robust network capable of monitoring satellites and debris across different orbital ranges.

SSA involves tracking, monitoring, and predicting the positions of satellites and debris to ensure safe and sustainable space operations. It requires data gathered from ground-based sensors and telescopes to avoid collisions and assess risks to space assets.

ISRO’s expansion of facilities reflects India’s growing commitment to safeguarding its space infrastructure and contributing to global efforts in managing orbital congestion.

WION

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IAF's Bold Leap: Mastering Near-Space To Counter Hypersonic Menaces

The Indian Air Force (IAF) is transcending traditional aerial boundaries, venturing boldly into the realm of space operations. With the activation of a dedicated Space Training Cell at the College of Air Warfare (CAW) in Hyderabad, the IAF signals its intent to cultivate a new cadre of space-savvy warriors.

This facility, now fully operational, equips officers with the expertise to navigate the complexities of near-space environments, blending air power with cosmic capabilities.

Underpinning this shift is the IAF's ongoing development of a comprehensive doctrine for near-space operations. This doctrinal framework extends the service's responsibility from the conventional 20 km altitude—hitherto the edge of airspace—upwards into the near-space domain, typically spanning 20 to 100 km. Here, the thin atmosphere blurs the lines between aeronautics and astronautics, demanding innovative tactics and technologies.

At the heart of this evolution lies a critical mission: intercepting hypersonic ballistic missiles (HBMs) that threaten to dominate near-space trajectories. These weapons, capable of speeds exceeding Mach 5, manoeuvre unpredictably at altitudes where traditional air defence systems falter. The IAF aims to pioneer countermeasures, leveraging agility and precision to neutralise such threats before re-entry.

Complementing these efforts is the Defence Space Agency (DSA), established in 2019 under the Integrated Defence Staff. The DSA manages vital space-based assets for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), precise positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT), as well as secure communications. These pillars enable real-time situational awareness, crucial for near-space engagements.

The Space Training Cell at CAW represents a cornerstone of human capital development. Pilots and ground crew undergo specialised modules on satellite operations, orbital mechanics, and counter-space warfare. Simulations replicate hypersonic intercepts, fostering decision-making under the unique physics of near-space, where drag is minimal and velocities soar.

India's indigenous space program, spearheaded by ISRO, provides a robust foundation. Collaborations yield dual-use technologies like the GSAT series for encrypted comms and the Cartosat constellation for high-resolution ISR. The IAF integrates these with platforms such as the Akashteer air defence system, evolving it for space-layer defence.

Near-space operations demand novel platforms. The IAF eyes high-altitude long-endurance (HALE) UAVs like the TAPAS-BH-201, capable of 30+ km loiter times, and future hypersonic vehicles akin to DRDO's HSTDV. These assets bridge the gap, offering persistent vigilance and rapid response in contested near-space.

Countering hypersonic threats requires layered defences. The IAF doctrine emphasises boost-phase intercepts using space-based sensors for early warning, cueing ground-based systems like the S-400 or indigenous AD-1 missiles. Directed energy weapons (DEWs) and kinetic kill vehicles emerge as promising tools for precision strikes at extreme altitudes.

Geopolitically, this expansion responds to regional provocations. China's hypersonic arsenal, including the DF-17 and YJ-21, and Pakistan's nascent programs underscore the urgency. India's Agni-V and BrahMos-II developments mirror this, but defensive parity demands IAF dominance in near-space.

The DSA's ISR suite, bolstered by RISAT radar imaging satellites, delivers all-weather targeting data. PNT from NAVIC ensures metre-level accuracy for missile guidance, while secure comms via military-grade transponders maintain command chains amid jamming threats.

Training evolves beyond classrooms. The CAW's cell incorporates virtual reality for orbital pursuits and collaborative exercises with ISRO and DRDO. Joint missions, like the recent Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle trials, validate concepts, paving the way for operational squadrons.

Budgetary commitments reflect priority. The 2025-26 defence allocation earmarks funds for space augmentation, including 36 additional satellites and CAW infrastructure upgrades. Public-private partnerships with Tata Advanced Systems and Bharat Electronics accelerate indigenisation.

Challenges persist. Near-space's vacuum-like conditions strain air-breathing engines, necessitating scramjet advancements. Cyber vulnerabilities in space assets demand robust hardening, while international norms like the Outer Space Treaty constrain weaponisation rhetoric.

However, the IAF's vision remains undeterred. By 2030, projections envision a dedicated near-space wing, integrating manned fighters with unmanned swarms for multi-domain superiority. This fusion redefines air power, extending India's strategic depth skywards.

Global precedents inspire. The US Space Force's orbital warfare and Russia's Cosmos intercepts highlight the stakes. India, however, leverages asymmetric advantages: cost-effective launches and a burgeoning private space sector like Skyroot and Agnikul.

The mantra 'the sky is no longer the limit' encapsulates this paradigm shift. As the IAF masters near-space, it not only safeguards the homeland but positions India as a pre-eminent space-faring military power, ready for the hypersonic age.

IDN (With Agency Inputs)

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China’s Military Surge In Space

China increasingly treats space as a pivotal domain for military competition, ranking it equally alongside land, sea, and air. Under the leadership of Chairman Xi Jinping, Beijing’s ambition is clear: to challenge and eventually overtake the United States as the dominant space power.

This strategic push manifests in massive scientific, civil, and military investment, aimed at building out a space infrastructure that serves both national pride and hard security interests.

China’s progression in space is both rapid and unequivocal. In the past year alone, China executed 68 launches, deploying 260 payloads into orbit. Of these, 67 were satellites with intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, marking a significant military leap. Over the past decade, China’s on-orbit presence has soared by approximately 620%, rising from 185 satellites in 2015 to more than 1,060 by 2025. More than 510 of these serve ISR functions using advanced sensors, providing the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) with robust global surveillance and targeting abilities.

A case in point is the TJS-12 satellite, launched into geosynchronous orbit in December 2024. According to U.S. Space Force assessments, this asset enables the persistent monitoring of U.S. and allied forces throughout the Pacific—a capability that underscores the reach of China’s space-based architecture.

To rival global mega-constellations like SpaceX’s Starlink, China is constructing its own G60 low Earth orbit (LEO) communications network. By early 2025, 72 G60 satellites were already in place, with plans for 648 by year-end and 14,000 by 2030.

The China Satellite Network Group is also developing a separate network, aiming for 13,000 satellites. This exponential expansion is partly motivated by a desire to counter perceived U.S. military technological advantages, especially after observing how Starlink was used in conflict zones.

China’s commitment to space as a domain of war is institutionalised in its military reforms. Originally, all space operations fell under the PLA Strategic Support Force, but this entity was replaced in April 2024 by the Aerospace Force, which now reports directly to the powerful Central Military Commission. 

This service manages military space assets centrally—streamlining ISR, targeting, communications, and space denial operations across seven specialised bases, each with unique operational focuses ranging from maritime tracking to missile early warning and R&D.

The Aerospace Force reflects the PLA’s understanding that control of space is vital for modern warfare. Its structure ensures rapid, centralised deployment of space assets, aligning with other digital warfare arms such as the Cyberspace Force and Information Support Force. This unity enables expedited targeting cycles, comprehensive intelligence gathering, and cohesive attack planning, strengthening China’s readiness for varied conflict scenarios (including any prospective Taiwan crisis).

Chinese doctrine now views space as the “commanding heights” of future warfare. Space intelligence, attack capabilities, and counter-space operations—including the shadowing of foreign satellites and the deployment of dual-use inspector satellites—are all integrated under a unified command, eradicating service rivalries and maximising operational effectiveness.

Counter-Space—Going Beyond Surveillance

China’s space pursuits extend beyond ISR and communications. It actively seeks the ability to degrade or deny adversaries access to space. These ambitions are supported by a broad range of counter-space systems:

Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Weapons: Since its 2007 demonstration of a kinetic-kill ASAT weapon, China has operationalised ground-launched ASAT missiles. Reports indicate current and future capabilities to target not just LEO, but also the distant geosynchronous orbits (GEO) where many strategic satellites reside.

Co-orbital Systems And Spaceplanes: Recent tests showcased highly manoeuvrable satellites and reusable spaceplanes. These assets can “dogfight” in space—approaching, inspecting, nudging, or disabling adversary satellites. The Shijian-21 satellite's relocation of a defunct BeiDou navigation satellite is a public demonstration of these capabilities.

Directed-Energy And Electronic Warfare: China has established ground-based laser systems able to dazzle or damage satellite sensors and is working towards more powerful variants capable of structural damage. The PLA regularly trains with jammers targeting space-based navigation, communications, and radar assets.

Responsive Launch: Vertical take-off and reusable rocket tests suggest that China is developing rapid-launch capabilities to quickly replace lost satellites or bolster its constellation in times of conflict.

Despite these strengths, China still faces challenges. Its space situational awareness network is less globally distributed than that of the United States, limiting its real-time tracking of worldwide space activity. Nevertheless, China compensates with around ten space-based sensors and continues to innovate in satellite maneuverability and anti-satellite techniques.

Chinese official statements often obscure the dual-use or military purposes of many satellites, but the increasing sophistication and scale of activities leave little doubt about strategic intent. In Chinese military thought, space dominance equates to military initiative; “whoever controls space controls the initiative in war.”

China’s expansive militarisation of space marks a transformative shift in military power, doctrine, and international competition. Its rapidly growing constellation of satellites, cutting-edge counter-space weaponry, and centralised military command reflect a coordinated effort to both use and deny space in any future conflict. This development escalates the risks of space confrontation, making the domain a central theatre of major power rivalry in the years ahead.

Based On ANI Report

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India Accelerates Space Shield Deployment As China Builds Orbital ‘Great Wall’

India is urgently ramping up its space-based defence capabilities in direct response to China’s rapid militarisation of space and the strategic lessons drawn from Operation Sindoor in May 2025.

The government has cleared a ₹26,968-crore initiative—Space-Based Surveillance Phase-3 (SBS-3)—to deploy 52 dedicated defence satellites by 2029, aiming to establish a robust, sovereign space shield capable of countering China’s expanding orbital arsenal and enhancing real-time military intelligence.

The SBS-3 program, approved by the Cabinet Committee on Security in October 2023, will see 21 satellites built and launched by ISRO and 31 by private Indian firms, including Tata Advanced Systems Ltd, Ananth Technologies, and Centum Electronics.

This marks a significant shift toward public-private collaboration in India’s defence sector. The Defence Space Agency, under the Integrated Defence Staff, is leading the project, with the first satellite scheduled for launch by April next year. Officials indicate that efforts are underway to compress timelines and accelerate deployment into both low Earth and geostationary orbits.

The urgency for this overhaul became apparent during Operation Sindoor, a brief but intense conflict with Pakistan, where Indian forces relied heavily on older CARTOSAT satellites and foreign commercial imagery.

The delays in data acquisition and processing exposed a critical vulnerability: without a dedicated, real-time surveillance constellation, India’s military remained tactically exposed across the Line of Actual Control (LAC), Line of Control (LoC), and the Indian Ocean Region.

Meanwhile, China’s space militarisation has accelerated dramatically. From just 36 satellites in 2010, China now operates over 1,000 satellites, including more than 360 dedicated to intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR).

Beijing’s capabilities include a formidable network of ISR satellites, Anti-Satellite (ASAT) missiles, electronic warfare (EW) systems, and directed energy weapons (DEWs). The recent establishment of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Aerospace Force and demonstrations of orbital “dogfighting” manoeuvres highlight China’s intent to dominate the space domain and threaten adversary satellites.

India’s SBS-3 constellation will feature onboard artificial intelligence (AI), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and Thermal Imaging (TI) capabilities. The integration of AI will enable autonomous data processing, anomaly detection, and inter-satellite coordination, drastically reducing response times and enabling persistent, all-weather, day-night surveillance.

The constellation is designed to provide shorter revisit times and high-resolution coverage over China, Pakistan, and the Indian Ocean, supporting the Army, Navy, and Air Force with actionable intelligence.

The strategic imperative is clear: space is now the ultimate high ground, and the ability to observe, orient, decide, and act (OODA loop) faster than adversaries is mission-critical.

As Air Marshal Ashutosh Dixit noted, “We must secure it now—or risk being left blind.” The SBS-3 program is not just a technological leap but an existential necessity, aiming to deter and counter China’s evolving space-based threats, including kinetic and non-kinetic attacks.

India’s defence budget has been scaled up to support this expansion, with expectations of further increases following Operation Sindoor. The SBS-3 initiative, alongside the development of high-altitude pseudo-satellites (HAPS) and a comprehensive military space doctrine, underscores India’s resolve to build a credible, autonomous space shield in an era where orbital dominance is increasingly synonymous with national security.

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Celebrating 6 Years of Mission Shakti – A Testament To India's Capability In Securing Space Assets

Mission Shakti, launched on March 27, 2019, marked a pivotal moment in India's strategic and technological capabilities by successfully testing an anti-satellite (ASAT) missile.

This operation, executed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), demonstrated India's ability to neutralise a live satellite in low Earth orbit using entirely indigenous technology.

The test propelled India into the ranks of elite space powers alongside the United States, Russia, and China, showcasing its preparedness to secure space assets and strengthen defence in the fourth dimension of warfare.

This mission showcased India's ability to intercept and destroy a satellite in low Earth orbit using indigenous technology, placing India among an exclusive group of nations—namely the United States, Russia, and China—that possess such capabilities. The successful execution of Mission Shakti not only reinforced India's strategic deterrence but also enhanced its geopolitical standing, allowing it to assert itself more effectively in international negotiations regarding space governance and security.

One of the key benefits of Mission Shakti is the protection it offers to India's growing space assets, which are vital for communication, weather forecasting, navigation, and defence operations. By establishing ASAT capabilities, India can deter potential adversaries from targeting its satellites, thereby safeguarding its national interests.

Moreover, the mission was executed with a focus on minimising space debris, reflecting India's commitment to responsible space practices. The missile used during the test was designed to ensure that any debris would decay quickly and not pose a long-term risk to other satellites.

In addition to its military implications, Mission Shakti has significant implications for India's technological advancements. The successful development and deployment of the ASAT system highlight the expertise and innovation within DRDO and encourage further investment in research and development in advanced technologies. 

This mission is expected to inspire future generations in India to pursue careers in science and technology, thereby fostering a culture of innovation.

The mission utilised a modified Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II interceptor to kinetically destroy the target satellite at an altitude of 283 kilometres within three minutes.

This achievement was not only a testament to India's technical prowess but also reaffirmed its commitment to peaceful uses of space, ensuring compliance with international treaties while enhancing deterrence capabilities. Importantly, the test avoided long-term space debris by conducting it in the lower atmosphere, with debris falling back to Earth within weeks.

Mission Shakti underscored India's growing focus on space security amidst evolving global dynamics. It highlighted the military potential of satellites for surveillance, navigation, and intelligence gathering, making space a critical domain alongside land, sea, and air in modern warfare.

As India celebrated six years of this milestone in 2025, Mission Shakti remains a symbol of national pride and strategic autonomy, reinforcing India's position as a formidable space power.

DRDO News

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ISRO's Spadex Opens New Frontiers For Indian Defence

ISRO's Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) has emerged as a significant milestone in India's space capabilities, particularly with implications for national defence. Successfully docking two satellites on January 16, 2025, marks India as the fourth country to achieve this advanced technology, following the United States, Russia, and China. This achievement not only enhances India's standing in global space exploration but also opens new frontiers for its defence sector.

Significance of SpaDeX For Indian Defence

The successful docking operation is pivotal for the Indian military's burgeoning space-based programs. The Indian Air Force (IAF) had previously identified a need for Autonomous Docking Operations for On-Orbit Maintenance and Refuelling (OOMR), which is essential for maintaining and upgrading existing space assets. The use of satellites for strategic reconnaissance has become increasingly vital since the Kargil conflict in 1999, highlighting the necessity for indigenous capabilities in satellite technology.

Key Benefits of SpaDeX For Defence

Enhanced Operational Lifespan: The technology developed through SpaDeX allows for the refuelling and maintenance of satellites already in orbit, significantly extending their operational life. This is crucial as many geo-stationary satellites are costly and typically have a limited lifespan due to fuel depletion.

Support For Future Missions: The docking technology is integral to upcoming missions like Chandrayaan-4 and Gaganyaan, as well as plans for establishing a permanent Indian space station by 2035. These missions will require sophisticated coordination and control of spacecraft in orbit.

Development of A Satellite Constellation: India plans to launch a constellation of military satellites to enhance surveillance and communication capabilities. The successful demonstration of docking technology is a step towards realizing these ambitious projects.

Collaboration with Private Sector: The mission aligns with India's New Space Policy, which encourages private sector participation in space endeavours. This collaboration is expected to accelerate innovation and development in defence-related space technologies.

Technological Implications

The SpaDeX mission demonstrates several critical technologies:

Rendezvous And Docking: The ability to bring two spacecraft together in orbit is a complex operation that requires precise control over relative velocities and positions.

Power Transfer: Future tests will explore power transfer between docked satellites, which could facilitate longer missions without the need to return to Earth.

In-Space Robotics: The mission lays the groundwork for developing robotic systems that can operate autonomously in space, essential for maintenance and repair tasks.

Conclusion

ISRO's SpaDeX mission represents a transformative leap in India's space capabilities, with profound implications for national defence. By enhancing satellite maintenance capabilities and supporting future missions, it positions India as a formidable player in both space exploration and military applications. The successful docking not only underscores India's technological advancements but also reflects its commitment to self-reliance in defence capabilities through innovative space technologies.

With Reporting by The Tribune

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Preparing For Future Warfare, Indian Defence Forces Looking To Expand Space Assets, Manpower

India's defence forces are actively preparing for future warfare by significantly expanding their space capabilities and manpower. This initiative is driven by a strategic plan presented by the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) to senior officials in the Defence Ministry, including service chiefs and representatives from the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Expansion of Space Assets

Launch of 52 Satellites

A key component of this strategy involves launching 52 new satellites aimed at enhancing surveillance and communication capabilities. These satellites will support various strategic objectives, particularly focusing on monitoring sensitive regions such as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China and borders with Pakistan. The project will see collaboration between government entities and private sector players, reflecting a growing synergy in India's defence and space sectors.

Strengthening The Defence Space Agency

The Defence Space Agency (DSA), which operates under the DMA, is set to play a pivotal role in this expansion. The DSA will be responsible not only for increasing the number of space assets but also for ensuring their protection against emerging threats. The agency's capabilities will be bolstered to address both defensive and offensive requirements in space warfare.

The Defence Space Agency (DSA) of India is implementing a multi-faceted approach to protect its space assets from various threats, including kinetic attacks, cyber threats, and electronic warfare.

The DSA is actively developing anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons and other counterspace technologies. This includes directed energy weapons and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) systems designed to neutralize hostile satellites and protect Indian assets in orbit. The successful test of the ASAT missile in 2019, known as Mission Shakti, demonstrated India's capability to destroy enemy satellites, thereby establishing a deterrent against potential threats from adversaries.

Simulated Warfare Exercises

The DSA conducts simulated space warfare exercises, such as IndSpaceEx and the recent Antariksha Abhyas 2024, to prepare for various scenarios that could threaten space assets. These exercises help in assessing vulnerabilities and refining operational strategies to secure national interests in space.

Enhancing Ground Infrastructure

To support the increased number of satellites and their operational demands, there is a concerted effort to enhance ground infrastructure. This includes building facilities that can manage and maintain these assets effectively. The aim is to create a robust framework that can support advanced surveillance technologies and ensure real-time monitoring capabilities.

Focus On Manpower Expansion

In conjunction with technological advancements, the Indian defence forces are also looking to expand their manpower within the DSA and related agencies. This workforce enhancement is essential to meet the growing responsibilities associated with space operations. The Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan, has emphasized the need for military leadership to secure national interests in an increasingly congested and contested space environment, advocating for innovation and cutting-edge technology development.

India's strategic move to enhance its space capabilities reflects a broader recognition of the importance of space in modern warfare. By investing in satellite technology, strengthening the DSA, and expanding its manpower, India aims to fortify its position in an evolving security landscape marked by technological advancements and geopolitical challenges.

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Space Warfare Drills Highlight India's Growing Focus On Enhancing Space Infrastructure-Assets Protection

India's recent military space exercise, Antariksha Abhyas 2024, marks a significant shift in the country's approach to safeguarding its space infrastructure and enhancing its capabilities in space warfare. Conducted from November 11 to 13, 2024, this exercise is India's first comprehensive military drill focused on space defense, organized by the Defence Space Agency (DSA) under the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff.

The exercise aimed to simulate various threats to India's space assets, such as satellites, from potential adversaries. This includes scenarios involving jamming, cyber-attacks, and even physical destruction through anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities.

It sought to test and improve the operational readiness of India's military forces in response to disruptions or denials of service in space. This includes assessing vulnerabilities in space operations and developing strategies to counteract them.

The exercise promoted collaboration among the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, and specialized agencies like the Defence Cyber Agency and Defence Intelligence Agency. This integration is crucial for a cohesive defense strategy that leverages both military and civilian space capabilities.

Emphasizing the need for cutting-edge technologies, the exercise encouraged collaboration with institutions such as the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to foster innovation in space defence systems.

Significance of Space In National Security

The growing focus on space warfare reflects a broader recognition of space as a critical domain for national security. Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan highlighted that "space is now a critical enabler of India’s defence and security apparatus," indicating that India must adapt its military strategies to address emerging challenges in an increasingly congested and contested space environment.

India's strategic objectives in space are underscored by its existing capabilities, which include over 100 satellites used for communication, navigation, weather forecasting, and surveillance. The successful execution of Antariksha Abhyas 2024 is expected to inform future military doctrines and enhance policy frameworks dedicated to space security.

As part of its long-term strategy, India aims to establish a dedicated Space Force capable of defending its interests in space. This initiative aligns with global trends where nations like the United States, China, and Russia have already developed specialized military commands for space operations. The establishment of such capabilities is crucial for ensuring that India can protect its vital space assets against both conventional and non-conventional threats.

Antariksha Abhyas 2024 represents a pivotal moment in India's defence strategy, emphasizing the importance of protecting space infrastructure as a core component of national security. The lessons learned from this exercise will shape future military policies and operational readiness in the face of evolving threats in the space domain.

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India To Formulate Space Security Doctrine To Protect Assets And Enhance Military Capabilities

India is actively working on formulating a Space Security Doctrine aimed at protecting its space assets and enhancing military capabilities. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to integrate military considerations into the nation’s space policy, reflecting the increasing importance of space in national security.

Experts emphasise the urgency of developing a comprehensive national space security policy. This policy would enhance institutional structures for space situational awareness and counter-space capabilities, addressing hostile activities in space, particularly given regional tensions with nations like China and Pakistan.

The Indian government is focusing on harmonizing military ambitions with its national space strategy. This involves building resilience in space systems and developing capabilities to defend against various threats, including anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) and electronic warfare.

Since its establishment in 2019, the Defence Space Agency (DSA) has been pivotal in enhancing India's military capabilities in space. The DSA is expected to evolve into the Indian Defence Space Command (INDSPAC), which would further consolidate military operations related to space.

A multi-dimensional approach is being proposed, which includes:

Developing a clear policy framework outlining roles and objectives for various stakeholders.

Investing in indigenous technology to bolster capabilities.

Formulating a strategic doctrine that defines India’s military posture in space.

Enhancing international cooperation for technology access and interoperability.

India recently conducted its first comprehensive space defence exercise, “Antariksha Abhyas 2024,” highlighting its commitment to developing robust space warfare capabilities. This exercise integrates various defence agencies and emphasizes the importance of secure military operations reliant on space-based assets.

The formulation of a Space Security Doctrine is crucial for India as it navigates the complexities of modern geopolitics and technological advancements in space. By aligning its military objectives with national security goals, India aims to safeguard its interests in an increasingly contested domain while fostering collaboration across civilian and military sectors.

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95% of Rockets Manufactured In India, Says ISRO Chairman Somanath

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has recently highlighted the evolving dynamics of space exploration and the importance of safeguarding national interests amid rising global security concerns, particularly regarding China. ISRO Chief S Somanath emphasized that India's space strategy is increasingly influenced by national security considerations, reflecting a significant shift from its original focus on development and socioeconomic benefits.

The shift in India’s space policy is marked by a growing emphasis on military capabilities and space security. This includes the development of dual-use satellites and anti-satellite (ASAT) technologies, driven by perceived threats from China's advancing military space capabilities.

India is actively seeking to strengthen its international collaborations, particularly with nations like the United States, Japan, and Australia. These partnerships aim to enhance collective security measures in space and establish norms for responsible behaviour in outer space.

Emphasizing the evolving communication technology, Dr. Somanath discussed the need for flexible and adaptive satellites. He highlighted India's strides in indigenous rocket production, with 95% of rocket components made domestically, while acknowledging ongoing dependence on high-end electronics from abroad for spacecraft.

The establishment of the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) has facilitated increased participation from private sectors in India's space endeavours. This initiative aims to create a sustainable ecosystem for satellite design, launch, and data processing, enhancing India's capabilities in both civilian and military applications.

ISRO is focusing on improving its Space Situational Awareness (SSA) to mitigate risks associated with space debris and other environmental hazards. This includes conducting collision avoidance manoeuvres for satellites and monitoring potential threats to national space assets.

As part of its commitment to long-term sustainability in outer space activities, ISRO is engaged in international discussions on space debris mitigation and governance frameworks. This aligns with India's broader objectives of maintaining a secure and sustainable presence in outer space while promoting responsible practices among all space-faring nations.

ISRO's recent emphasis on evolving space dynamics underscores a strategic pivot towards integrating national security into its broader agenda, reflecting both regional security imperatives and aspirations for greater global standing in the arena of space exploration.

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White House Confirms Russia Developing 'Anti-Satellite Capability', Calls It 'Troubling'

Washington: The White House has confirmed that Russia is developing a capability to target satellites in space and called Moscow's pursuit of this particular capability "troubling."

White House National Security Communications Advisor John Kirby said the US is closely monitoring this Russian activity and will continue to take it seriously amid reports of Moscow reportedly developing a space-based nuclear weapon designed to disable or destroy satellites.

While addressing a press briefing on Thursday (local time), John Kirby said, "While I am limited by how much I can share about the specific nature of the threat, I can confirm that it is related to an anti-satellite capability that Russia is developing. I want to be clear about a couple of things right off the bat."

According to the intelligence presented to Congress, the US military "cannot counter such a weapon and defend its satellites," according to a report in the New York Times.

"First, this is not an active capability that's been deployed. And though Russia's pursuit of this particular capability is troubling, there is no immediate threat to anyone's safety. We are not talking about a weapon that can be used to attack human beings or cause physical destruction here on Earth. That said, we've been closely monitoring this Russian activity and we will continue to take it very seriously," added Kirby.

He noted that US President Joe Biden has been regularly informed by his national security team. Kirby said Biden has directed a series of initial actions, including additional briefings to congressional leaders, and direct diplomatic engagement with Russia. He said that the intelligence community has serious concerns about a broad declassification of this intelligence.

Kirby said, "President Biden has been kept fully informed and regularly informed by his national security team, including today. He has directed a series of initial actions, including additional briefings to congressional leaders, direct diplomatic engagement with Russia, with our allies and our partners as well, and with other countries around the world who have interests at stake. The intelligence community has serious concerns about a broad declassification of this intelligence. They also assess that starting with private engagement rather than immediately publicizing the intelligence could be a much more effective approach."

"We agree with that, which is consistent, of course, with how we have conducted downgrades of information in the past. This administration has put a lot of focus on strategically doing that, in a deliberate way and in particular, when it comes to Russia. And there are two things that we always do first when we consider downgrades. One, we work with the intelligence community to conduct a thorough scrub of that intelligence to make sure that we are protecting sources and methods. And, two, we sequence our private diplomacy with our public disclosure to ensure the maximum effect," he added.

Asked whether it is a nuclear weapon or nuclear-powered weapon, Kirby responded, "I'm not going to be able to go into any more detail than I did in my opening statement. It is an anti-satellite capability that they're developing. And beyond that, I will not go."

John Kirby said that the US has been aware of the Russian pursuit of this kind of capability for many months. However, he added that the intelligence community in recent weeks has been able to assess it with a sense of confidence on exactly how Russia continues to pursue it.

Asked when US President Joe Biden was informed about Russia developing this capability, Kirby said, "I don't have a specific date on a calendar. He has been kept informed throughout. And our general knowledge of Russian pursuit of this kind of capability goes back many, many months, if not a few years. But only in recent weeks now has the intelligence community been able to assess with a higher sense of confidence exactly how Russia continues to pursue it."

Kirby's remarks come after the head of the US House Intelligence Committee, Mike Turner, revealed that members of Congress had access to information about an unspecified "serious national security threat. He even urged US President Joe Biden to declassify all information related to the threat, CBS News reported.

According to CBS News report, Turner said, "I am requesting that President Biden declassify all information relating to this threat so that Congress, the administration, and our allies can openly discuss the actions necessary to respond to this threat."

Notably, orbital nuclear weapons are currently banned due to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. A nuclear detonation in space could have both immediate and long-lasting effects in Earth's orbit.

In the immediate aftermath, nuclear explosions could cause a multitude of damaging effects; pulses of high-energy radiation such as heat, x-rays and other radiation can "can damage nearby satellites and blind their sensors," according to a 2023 study by the Centre for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS).

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India Needs A Dedicated Space Force

India's Anti-Satellite Missile on display during Republic Day Parade 2023

by Cdr Sandeep Dhawan (Retd)

Indian Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, delivered a keynote address for the 37th Air Chief Marshal P.C. Lal Memorial Lecture on 5th May 2022, in New Delhi. He stated that the Ukrainian conflict has lessons for future wars and the Indian Air Force must gear up for those challenges. He further urged the Indian Air Force to become an “Aerospace Force” and be prepared to protect the country from the challenges of the future.

This was further emphasized by Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) Gen Anil Chauhan in his address at the Indian DefSpace Symposium in April 2023. He stated that India should build offensive and defensive capabilities in the space domain. Looks like the Indian Air Force (IAF) got the drift and presented a case to the Indian government to be renamed, the Indian Air and Space Force (IASF).

A news portal known to take a contrarian stand immediately grabbed the opportunity to bring out that the IAF veterans were unhappy with the move and called the renaming somewhat excessive and needless. I agree, as well as disagree with them. If the move is cosmetic, then it is an effort in vain, but if it brings about the structural changes to strengthen the planned military reforms, i.e. Theaterisation, then it is a welcome move. I would go one step further and suggest an independent “Space Force”. This would not only demolish the unnecessary expenditure argument but also have long-term benefits.

Why Do We Need A Space Force?

One explanation is that China, France, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, all have a Space Force. So why should India be left behind? The answer is not that simple, but not complicated either. Why do seafaring nations want a Navy? The Navy secures that domain for all activities and deters threats in that domain. A Space Force would be replicating the same in space.

American company SpaceX has launched over 5,500 satellites by the end of November 2023. Elon Musk’s company has plans to create a constellation of 42,000 satellites. Amazon also launched two prototype satellites in November. They aim to launch 3,236 satellites under Project Kuiper. China plans to deploy a “State Network” (Guowang or GW) mega-constellation of almost 13,000 low-orbit satellites to provide services to China, spy on rival networks, and even carry out sabotage missions.

India, which was lagging behind has seen good momentum in the last five years. The number of Indian space start-ups has more than doubled, from 21 to 47 since 2020. They also received a whopping $233 million in funding. India recorded a historic moment in 2022 with its first private rocket launch by Skyroot. It is amply clear that sooner than later space will be a crowded domain. More and more nations would be jostling for a limited space. Just like SpaceX, Amazon, and Chinese agencies, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Indian companies would also need a safe environment and security for their assets in space.

On the military front, we have recent examples of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the Israel-Hamas war. Both these conflicts have displayed that space should be viewed as a critical enabler. During these ongoing wars, we have witnessed both sides attacking SATCOM capabilities to degrade command and control, and effort to interfere with GPS to reduce its effectiveness in the region.

Russian cyber-attack against commercial satellite communication networks used by the Ukrainian military draws a clear connection between space and cyber domains. However, Ukraine augmented the capability of its systems by integrating SpaceX’s Starlink SATCOM system. This exercise improved the Ukrainian command and control structure and proved much harder to target and degrade.

Coming to India’s immediate neighbour China. With 290 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) satellites, 49 precision-navigation-and-timing satellites, a growing number of rapid-response launch capabilities, multiple ground-based lasers, numerous jammers targeting wide swaths of SATCOM frequencies and GPS, China has become a clear and present danger.

The importance of establishing and protecting defensive and offensive capabilities should be India’s immediate priority. Nothing exemplifies this more than memories of how the U.S. denied GPS support to the Indian armed forces during the Kargil War in 1999. It didn’t stop there. In 2012, the U.S. once again shut off its GPS satellites causing the BrahMos missile tests to fail.

Today, India has seven satellite constellations, Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC). This is an Indian version of the U.S. GPS, an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate and real-time navigation and timing service. Its present reach is limited to 1,500 km. However, ISRO plans to extend the range to 3,000 km, which will take the NavIC services beyond the Indian borders. Responsibility for securing these essential and critical satellites would also rest with the Space Force.

Noteworthy Developments

In October 2023, during the 11th China Command and Control Conference, a paper was submitted. The paper discussed the establishment of a new type of force believed to be a near-space command. Near-space is defined as a 20 to 100 km zone above the surface of the Earth. If this information is correct, then this would be the fifth Chinese force after the People’s Liberation Army, Navy, Air Force, and Rocket Force. As per the paper, this force would be equipped with hypersonic weapons for attacks on critical enemy infrastructure, and global high-altitude surveillance using solar-powered automated drones and spy balloons.

It would be other nations’ naiveté if they underestimated China. China demonstrated its mal intent very clearly in October 2021, when it tested a system that incorporated a glide body into a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS). The system placed in low-earth orbit was capable of delivering a nuclear warhead.

The present situation is akin to the pre-World War Two days, when every Western leader was mollycoddling Hitler, ignoring all the war preparations Führer’s forces were making. The establishment of the Chinese near-space command could be the last wake-up call to the world.

An Independent Space Force

Only the availability of the best military equipment wouldn’t ensure success on the battleground. A modern military needs a well-trained force, well-rehearsed multi-domain operations, effective tactics, and a robust logistics supply chain. The creation of the Indian Space Force is more than overdue, and its importance cannot be overemphasized. India’s space assets, including the ground facilities, are worth $40 billion and expanding. The Indian military satellite network alone would expand to over 100 satellites in less than a decade. If ISRO and civilian companies need a Space Force for safe passage and security then the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, and the future Rocket Force would need its assistance to get ISR inputs and safeguard their communication links to operate in a hostile environment.

Keeping the Space Force a part of IAF would also raise the question of staffing and budgeting. Would the present Defence Space Agency (DSA) merge into the IAF or continue working as it is? In all likelihood, the younger service, i.e. the space component of IASF would suffer as the air requirements would take priority. Even in the United States, there was endless opposition to a separate Space Force. But, in times to come, it would deliver dividends. Therefore, a dedicated Indian Space Force would be a better choice than burdening the existing IAF ecosystem.

A veteran of the Indian Navy, Cdr Dhawan served in the Navy from 1988 to 2009. He was a Maritime Reconnaissance Pilot and a Flying Instructor. He is a geopolitical analyst and writes for various online websites and organizations

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Raytheon’s Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle Successfully Destroys An Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile

RTX interceptor successfully defeats ballistic missile target during today’s test of the Ground-based Midcourse Defence System, marking the program’s 13th intercept. This further validates Raytheon’s expertise in supporting the Missile Defence Agency’s current fleet of ballistic missile defence sensors and interceptors

-- An Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle, developed by Raytheon, an RTX business, successfully destroyed an Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile during a recent test of the Ground-based Midcourse Defence System. The test was conducted today in the Pacific region by the U.S. Missile Defence Agency and the U.S. Northern Command.

This was the 13th intercept for the program, which protects the U.S. by destroying incoming ballistic missiles while they are outside the Earth's atmosphere.

"This test demonstrates that the U.S. ballistic missile defence system is operational, reliable and ready to protect the country," said Wes Kremer, president of Raytheon. "Raytheon kill vehicles have now successfully completed nearly 50 space intercepts, which underscores our expertise and ability to design and develop these systems to defeat the evolving threat."

With more than 30-years of experience in developing advanced interceptors and sensors, Raytheon is the leading provider of missile defence capabilities. This test further validates Raytheon's expertise in supporting the Missile Defence Agency's current fleet of ballistic missile defence sensors and interceptors. Raytheon is currently developing the next evolution of ballistic missile interceptors and kill vehicles that will provide war fighters with a more robust missile defence capability against current and future threats.

Raytheon's EKV is developed in Tucson, Arizona and the AN/TPY-2 and X-Band Radar are developed in Andover, Massachusetts.

RTX is the world's largest aerospace and defence company. With more than 180,000 global employees, we push the limits of technology and science to redefine how we connect and protect our world. Through industry-leading businesses – Collins Aerospace, Pratt & Whitney, and Raytheon – we are advancing aviation, engineering integrated defence systems for operational success, and developing next-generation technology solutions and manufacturing to help global customers address their most critical challenges. The company, with 2022 sales of $67 billion, is headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.

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